var TERMS_DB = {
  meta: { version: "2026-08-16b", title: "新能源术语和定义", note: "本库按专业领域分为光伏发电、风力发电、储能系统、氢能及综合能源、并网与电气、电力系统、技术经济评价、电力市场、碳与政策九类，收录新能源工程常用术语，每条均标注出处规范或政策文件，供工程设计与方案编制参考。" },
  categories: [
    { key: "pv", name: "光伏发电" },
    { key: "wind", name: "风力发电" },
    { key: "storage", name: "储能系统" },
    { key: "hydrogen", name: "氢能及综合能源" },
    { key: "grid_elec", name: "并网与电气" },
    { key: "grid_sys", name: "电力系统" },
    { key: "eval", name: "技术经济评价" },
    { key: "mkt_elec", name: "电力市场" },
    { key: "mkt_carbon", name: "碳与政策" }
  ],
  data: {
    pv: [
      { name: "光伏组件（太阳电池组件）", en: "PV module", def: "具有封装及内部联结的、能单独提供直流电输出的最小不可分割的太阳电池组合装置。", source: "GB 50797-2012《光伏发电站设计标准》" },
      { name: "光伏方阵（光伏阵列）", en: "PV array", def: "由若干个光伏组件或光伏构件在机械和电气上按一定方式组装在一起，并具有固定支撑结构而构成的直流发电单元。", source: "GB 50797-2012《光伏发电站设计标准》" },
      { name: "光伏组串", en: "PV string", def: "将若干个光伏组件串联后形成的直流发电单元，是逆变器直流侧的基本输入单元。", source: "GB 50797-2012《光伏发电站设计标准》" },
      { name: "峰值功率", en: "Peak power (Pmax)", def: "在标准测试条件（STC）下，光伏组件在最大功率点输出的最大电功率。", source: "GB/T 6495.1-2025《光伏器件 第1部分：光伏电流-电压特性的测量》" },
      { name: "标准测试条件", en: "STC", def: "电池温度25℃、辐照度1000W/m²、大气质量AM1.5的组件性能测试条件。", source: "GB/T 6495.1-2025《光伏器件 第1部分：光伏电流-电压特性的测量》" },
      { name: "标称工作温度", en: "NOCT", def: "太阳电池处于开路状态，在辐照度800W/m²、环境温度20℃、风速1m/s条件下的电池结温，用于评估实际工况温升。", source: "IEC 61215《地面用光伏组件 设计鉴定和定型》" },
      { name: "组件转换效率", en: "Module efficiency", def: "光伏组件输出端最大功率与入射到组件上的太阳辐射功率之比。", source: "GB/T 6495.1-2025《光伏器件 第1部分：光伏电流-电压特性的测量》" },
      { name: "容配比（直流/交流比）", en: "Capacity ratio / DC-AC ratio", def: "光伏电站安装容量（直流侧）与额定交流输出容量之比，合理超配可提升逆变器与线路利用率。", source: "GB 50797-2012《光伏发电站设计标准》" },
      { name: "最大功率点跟踪", en: "MPPT", def: "通过调节工作点使光伏方阵始终工作在最大功率点的控制技术，提高发电效率。", source: "NB/T 32004-2018《光伏并网逆变器技术规范》" },
      { name: "逆变器", en: "Inverter", def: "将光伏方阵产生的直流电变换为符合电网要求交流电的设备。", source: "GB/T 37408-2019《光伏发电并网逆变器技术要求》" },
      { name: "并网逆变器", en: "Grid-connected inverter", def: "接入公共电网、具备防孤岛与电能质量调节功能的光伏逆变器。", source: "GB/T 37408-2019《光伏发电并网逆变器技术要求》" },
      { name: "组串式逆变器", en: "String inverter", def: "以多路组串为输入、独立MPPT、单机功率通常数十至数百kW的逆变设备，适合复杂地形。", source: "GB/T 37408-2019《光伏发电并网逆变器技术要求》" },
      { name: "集中式逆变器", en: "Central inverter", def: "汇流后统一逆变、单机功率MW级、适合大型平地电站的逆变设备。", source: "GB/T 37408-2019《光伏发电并网逆变器技术要求》" },
      { name: "微型逆变器", en: "Micro-inverter", def: "每组件（或两组件）配一台、组件级MPPT的小功率逆变设备，提升遮挡工况发电量。", source: "GB/T 37408-2019《光伏发电并网逆变器技术要求》" },
      { name: "性能比", en: "Performance Ratio (PR)", def: "光伏系统实际交流发电量与理论可发电量之比，是评估系统综合效率的核心指标。", source: "GB 50797-2012《光伏发电站设计标准》" },
      { name: "年等效利用小时数", en: "Equivalent utilization hours", def: "光伏电站年上网电量与装机容量的比值，反映资源与系统效率的综合水平。", source: "GB 50797-2012《光伏发电站设计标准》" },
      { name: "倾角", en: "Tilt angle", def: "光伏组件表面与水平面的夹角，影响全年辐射接收量。", source: "GB 50797-2012《光伏发电站设计标准》" },
      { name: "方位角", en: "Azimuth angle", def: "组件法线在水平面投影与正南方向的夹角，向东为负、向西为正。", source: "GB 50797-2012《光伏发电站设计标准》" },
      { name: "最佳倾角", en: "Optimal tilt angle", def: "在当地气象条件下使方阵接收到全年（或时段）最大辐射量的倾角。", source: "GB 50797-2012《光伏发电站设计标准》" },
      { name: "阵列间距", en: "Array spacing", def: "前后排光伏阵列之间的水平距离，需满足冬至日真太阳时9~15时不遮挡要求。", source: "GB 50797-2012《光伏发电站设计标准》" },
      { name: "阴影遮挡", en: "Shading", def: "周围障碍物或前后排阵列对光伏组件采光面的辐射遮挡，造成功率损失。", source: "GB 50797-2012《光伏发电站设计标准》" },
      { name: "双玻组件", en: "Bifacial / dual-glass module", def: "前后均用玻璃封装、可双面发电的组件，背面增益来自地面反射与散射。", source: "IEC 61215《地面用光伏组件 设计鉴定和定型》" },
      { name: "双面率", en: "Bifaciality", def: "组件背面标称功率与正面标称功率之比，是双面组件的关键参数。", source: "IEC 61215《地面用光伏组件 设计鉴定和定型》" },
      { name: "单晶硅/多晶硅/非晶硅", en: "Mono-/Multi-/a-Si", def: "按硅材料形态区分的太阳电池类型，决定效率与成本特征。", source: "GB/T 6495.1-2025《光伏器件 第1部分》" },
      { name: "PERC/TOPCon/HJT/BC", en: "Cell technologies", def: "钝化发射极背面、隧穿氧化层钝化接触、异质结、背接触等高效电池技术路线。", source: "GB/T 37408-2019 及行业通用技术分类" },
      { name: "跟踪支架", en: "Tracking mount", def: "使组件随太阳位置移动以提高辐射接收的支承结构，分单轴/双轴。", source: "GB 50797-2012《光伏发电站设计标准》" },
      { name: "平单轴/斜单轴/双轴跟踪", en: "Tracking type", def: "跟踪方式：平单轴绕水平轴、斜单轴绕倾斜轴、双轴同时跟踪高度角与方位角。", source: "GB 50797-2012《光伏发电站设计标准》" },
      { name: "弃光率", en: "Curtailment rate", def: "受电网消纳限制未能发出的电量占可发电量之比。", source: "GB/T 19964-2024《光伏发电站接入电力系统技术规定》" },
      { name: "低电压穿越", en: "LVRT", def: "电网电压跌落时，光伏发电站（逆变器）维持不脱网并向系统提供无功支撑的能力。", source: "GB/T 19964-2024《光伏发电站接入电力系统技术规定》" },
      { name: "高电压穿越", en: "HVRT", def: "电网电压升高时，光伏发电站维持并网并向系统提供无功支撑的能力。", source: "GB/T 19964-2024《光伏发电站接入电力系统技术规定》" },
      { name: "孤岛效应", en: "Islanding", def: "电网失电后，光伏逆变器仍向局部线路供电、形成非计划独立供电的状态。", source: "GB/T 19964-2024《光伏发电站接入电力系统技术规定》" },
      { name: "防孤岛保护", en: "Anti-islanding", def: "检测到孤岛后快速断开并网连接的保护功能，是并网逆变器强制要求。", source: "GB/T 37408-2019《光伏发电并网逆变器技术要求》" },
      { name: "直流汇流箱", en: "DC combiner box", def: "汇集多路光伏组串直流、配置熔断器与防雷、输出至逆变器的配电装置。", source: "GB 50797-2012《光伏发电站设计标准》" },
      { name: "箱式变电站", en: "Pad-mounted transformer", def: "将升压变压器、高低压开关集成于箱体内的光伏场区变电设备。", source: "GB 50797-2012《光伏发电站设计标准》" },
      { name: "光伏组件衰减率", en: "Degradation rate", def: "组件输出功率随运行年限的下降比例，含首年衰减与逐年线性/非线性衰减。", source: "IEC 61215《地面用光伏组件 设计鉴定和定型》" },
      { name: "电势诱导衰减（PID）", en: "PID", def: "组件长期在负偏压下因离子迁移导致功率衰减的效应，与封装材料、接地方式相关。", source: "NB/T 32004-2018《光伏并网逆变器技术规范》" },
      { name: "积灰损失", en: "Soiling loss", def: "组件表面灰尘遮挡造成的发电量损失，与当地扬尘与清洗频次相关。", source: "GB 50797-2012《光伏发电站设计标准》" },
      { name: "温度系数", en: "Temperature coefficient", def: "组件功率（或电压）随电池温度变化的相对变化率，通常为负值。", source: "GB/T 6495.1-2025《光伏器件 第1部分》" },
      { name: "开路电压/短路电流", en: "Voc / Isc", def: "组件在开路与短路状态下的极限电压与电流，是组串电压匹配与保护的依据。", source: "GB/T 6495.1-2025《光伏器件 第1部分》" },
      { name: "最大功率点电压/电流", en: "Vmp / Imp", def: "组件在最大功率点对应的工作电压与电流，决定MPPT工作区间。", source: "GB/T 6495.1-2025《光伏器件 第1部分》" },
      { name: "阵列失配损失", en: "Mismatch loss", def: "因组件参数离散、遮挡不一致导致串联/并联后功率低于标称之和的损失。", source: "GB 50797-2012《光伏发电站设计标准》" },
      { name: "逆变器转换效率", en: "Inverter efficiency", def: "逆变器交流输出功率与直流输入功率之比，含欧效（加权）与峰值效率。", source: "GB/T 37408-2019《光伏发电并网逆变器技术要求》" },
      { name: "光伏电站系统效率", en: "System efficiency", def: "从组件直流输出到并网点交流上网的全链路效率，含逆变器、线损、遮挡、温升等折减。", source: "GB 50797-2012《光伏发电站设计标准》" },
      { name: "平准化度电成本", en: "LCOE", def: "光伏电站全生命周期成本现值与发电量现值之比，即单位千瓦时发电成本。", source: "行业通用技术经济指标（详见“评价”类）" },
      { name: "光伏组件EL检测", en: "Electroluminescence test", def: "对组件通反向电流、用近红外相机成像以发现隐裂、断栅等缺陷的无损检测。", source: "IEC 61215《地面用光伏组件 设计鉴定和定型》" },
      { name: "柔性支架", en: "Flexible mount", def: "以大跨度钢索张拉支承组件的轻型支架，降低基础与用钢量，适合山地与农光互补。", source: "GB 50797-2012《光伏发电站设计标准》" },
      { name: "光伏组件隐裂", en: "Micro-crack", def: "电池片内部肉眼不可见的微小裂纹，可由机械应力或热应力引发，影响功率与寿命。", source: "IEC 61215《地面用光伏组件 设计鉴定和定型》" },
      { name: "光伏电站可用率", en: "Availability", def: "统计期内电站可发电时间与日历时间之比，反映设备可靠性与运维水平。", source: "GB 50797-2012《光伏发电站设计标准》" },
      { name: "余电上网", en: "Surplus to grid", def: "分布式光伏自发自用后，剩余电量送入公共电网的并网方式。", source: "GB/T 29319-2024《光伏发电系统接入配电网技术规定》" },
      { name: "自发自用", en: "Self-consumption", def: "分布式光伏所发电量优先由用户就地消纳的并网运行方式。", source: "GB/T 29319-2024《光伏发电系统接入配电网技术规定》" },
      { name: "并网电压等级", en: "Grid voltage level", def: "光伏电站并网点所在电网的标称电压等级，按装机容量分级接入。", source: "GB/T 50866-2013《光伏发电站接入电力系统设计规范》" },
      { name: "功率因数调节", en: "Power factor control", def: "光伏电站按调度要求在超前/滞后范围内调节无功、维持并网点电压的能力。", source: "GB/T 19964-2024《光伏发电站接入电力系统技术规定》" },
      { name: "光伏电站接入系统", en: "Grid integration", def: "光伏电站经升压、送出线路接入公共电网的电气与保护整体方案。", source: "GB/T 50866-2013《光伏发电站接入电力系统设计规范》" },
      { name: "组件I-V特性", en: "I-V curve", def: "光伏组件电流随电压变化的曲线，其包络面积对应可输出功率。", source: "GB/T 6495.1-2025《光伏器件 第1部分》" },
      { name: "辐照度", en: "Irradiance", def: "单位面积上接收到的太阳辐射功率，单位W/m²，是发电量计算的核心输入。", source: "GB/T 37408-2019《光伏发电并网逆变器技术要求》" },
      { name: "光伏组件峰值电压", en: "Peak system voltage", def: "组串串联后达到的最大开路电压，须低于逆变器与电缆的绝缘耐压等级。", source: "GB 50797-2012《光伏发电站设计标准》" },
      { name: "光伏发电系统", en: "PV system", def: "由光伏组件、逆变器、支架、汇流与升压设备等组成的、将太阳能转化为电能的完整发电系统。", source: "GB 50797-2012《光伏发电站设计标准》" },
      { name: "分布式光伏发电", en: "Distributed PV", def: "位于用户附近、以自发自用为主、余电上网的规模较小光伏系统。", source: "GB/T 29319-2024《光伏发电系统接入配电网技术规定》" },
      { name: "集中式光伏电站", en: "Centralized PV plant", def: "大规模、升压后远距离送出、接入高压电网的光伏发电工程。", source: "GB 50797-2012《光伏发电站设计标准》" },
      { name: "光伏建筑一体化", en: "BIPV", def: "将光伏组件作为建筑围护结构（屋顶、幕墙、立面）的一部分、与建筑同步设计施工的发电系统。", source: "GB/T 51368-2019《建筑光伏系统应用技术标准》" },
      { name: "光伏组件功率公差", en: "Power tolerance", def: "组件实测功率相对标称功率的允许偏差范围，常见 0/+3W、0/+5W 等。", source: "GB/T 6495.1-2025《光伏器件 第1部分：光伏电流-电压特性的测量》" },
      { name: "欧洲效率", en: "European efficiency", def: "按特定加权系数计算的逆变器综合效率，比峰值效率更贴近欧洲典型辐照工况。", source: "GB/T 37408-2019《光伏发电并网逆变器技术要求》" },
      { name: "加州效率", en: "CEC efficiency", def: "美国加州能源委员会加权效率，用于表征逆变器典型工况下的加权转换效率。", source: "GB/T 37408-2019《光伏发电并网逆变器技术要求》" },
      { name: "总辐照度", en: "GHI", def: "水平面接收到的太阳总辐射，含直射与散射，是资源评估与发电量计算的基础量。", source: "GB/T 31163-2014《太阳能资源术语》" },
      { name: "法向直接辐射", en: "DNI", def: "垂直于太阳光线平面上的直接辐射，是聚光与单轴跟踪系统的关键输入。", source: "GB/T 31163-2014《太阳能资源术语》" },
      { name: "散射辐射", en: "DHI", def: "经大气散射后来自天空各方向的辐射，非直接来自日面。", source: "GB/T 31163-2014《太阳能资源术语》" },
      { name: "峰值日照时数", en: "Peak sun hours", def: "将总辐照折算为 1000W/m² 标准下的等效日照小时数，便于估算发电量。", source: "GB 50797-2012《光伏发电站设计标准》" },
      { name: "光伏组件封装胶膜", en: "EVA / POE", def: "乙烯-醋酸乙烯或聚烯烃弹性体封装材料，起粘接、透光与保护电池片作用。", source: "IEC 61215《地面用光伏组件 设计鉴定和定型》" },
      { name: "光伏背板", en: "Backsheet", def: "位于组件背面、起阻隔水汽与电气绝缘作用的复合保护层。", source: "IEC 61215《地面用光伏组件 设计鉴定和定型》" },
      { name: "光伏接线盒", en: "Junction box", def: "汇接组件内部电池串输出、内置旁路二极管的密封盒体。", source: "IEC 62790《光伏组件用接线盒》" },
      { name: "光伏专用电缆", en: "PV cable", def: "耐紫外、耐候、阻燃的直流光伏电缆，按系统电压选型。", source: "IEC 62930《光伏系统用直流电缆》" },
      { name: "光伏超白压花玻璃", en: "Solar glass", def: "高透光率低铁压花钢化玻璃，用作组件前盖板。", source: "GB/T 30984.1-2015《太阳能用玻璃 第1部分：超白压花玻璃》" },
      { name: "光伏支架", en: "PV mounting", def: "固定或跟踪支承光伏组件的钢结构，含基础与连接构件。", source: "GB 50797-2012《光伏发电站设计标准》" },
      { name: "光伏电站监控系统", en: "SCADA", def: "对电站逆变器、汇流箱、气象站与升压设备进行数据采集与监视的系统。", source: "GB 50797-2012《光伏发电站设计标准》" },
      { name: "光伏电站功率预测", en: "Power forecasting", def: "基于气象预报与历史数据预测电站未来出力，用于调度与交易。", source: "GB/T 19964-2024《光伏发电站接入电力系统技术规定》" },
      { name: "光伏电站AGC/AVC", en: "AGC / AVC", def: "自动发电控制与自动电压控制，使电站按调度指令调节有功与无功。", source: "GB/T 19964-2024《光伏发电站接入电力系统技术规定》" },
      { name: "光伏电站无功补偿", en: "SVG", def: "采用静止无功发生器对并网点电压进行动态调节的补偿装置。", source: "GB/T 19964-2024《光伏发电站接入电力系统技术规定》" },
      { name: "光伏逆变器过载能力", en: "Overload", def: "逆变器在短时（如 1.1 倍）超过额定功率下持续运行的能力。", source: "NB/T 32004-2018《光伏并网逆变器技术规范》" },
      { name: "光伏组件功率衰减保证", en: "Power warranty", def: "制造方承诺的首年与逐年线性衰减限值，作为功率质保依据。", source: "IEC 61215《地面用光伏组件 设计鉴定和定型》" },
      { name: "光伏电站并网验收", en: "Commissioning", def: "电站建成后按规范对设备、保护、电能质量与联调进行的验收。", source: "GB/T 50796-2012《光伏发电工程验收规范》" },
      { name: "光伏清洗机器人", en: "Cleaning robot", def: "沿组件排布自动行走、清除积灰以提升发电量的运维装备。", source: "行业通用运维技术（GB 50797-2012 积灰损失相关）" },
      { name: "智能光伏", en: "Smart PV", def: "融合数字化运维、智能诊断与优化的光伏电站形态。", source: "国家能源局智能光伏产业政策" },
      { name: "农光互补/渔光互补", en: "Agri-/Fishery-PV", def: "在农业、渔业用地上分层复合利用、上方发电下方生产的模式。", source: "国家能源局光伏复合项目相关政策" },
      { name: "太阳电池（光伏电池）", en: "solar cell", def: "将太阳辐射能直接转换为直流电能的半导体器件，是光伏组件的最小发电单元。", source: "GB/T 6495.1-2025《光伏器件 第1部分：光伏电流-电压特性的测量》" },
      { name: "光伏电池转换效率", en: "cell conversion efficiency", def: "太阳电池最大输出功率与入射到电池上的太阳辐射功率之比。", source: "GB/T 6495.1-2025《光伏器件 第1部分：光伏电流-电压特性的测量》" },
      { name: "双面光伏组件", en: "bifacial PV module", def: "正反两面均可接收光照并发电的组件，背面增益用双面率表征。", source: "IEC 61215《地面用光伏组件 设计鉴定和定型》" },
      { name: "光伏组件热斑效应", en: "hot spot effect", def: "组件中部分电池被遮挡或失效时局部过热的现象，易致隐裂与功率衰减。", source: "IEC 61215《地面用光伏组件 设计鉴定和定型》" },
      { name: "组件封装损失", en: "encapsulation loss", def: "电池片封装为组件过程中的功率损失，含玻璃反射、胶膜吸收与互联损耗。", source: "GB 50797-2012《光伏发电站设计标准》" },
      { name: "光伏电站一次调频", en: "primary frequency regulation", def: "光伏电站通过有功功率控制系统快速响应系统频率变化的能力。", source: "GB/T 19964-2024《光伏发电站接入电力系统技术规定》" },
      { name: "光伏电站并网检测", en: "grid-connection test", def: "电站并网前对电能质量、继电保护、无功调节等进行的检测。", source: "GB/T 30152-2013《光伏发电系统接入配电网检测规程》" },
      { name: "光伏组件回收", en: "PV module recycling", def: "退役光伏组件的材料回收与无害化处理，符合资源循环利用要求。", source: "GB/T 39753-2021《光伏组件回收再利用通用技术要求》" },
      { name: "光伏支架基础", en: "PV support foundation", def: "承受支架及组件荷载的基础结构，含预应力管桩、条形基础等形式。", source: "GB 50797-2012《光伏发电站设计标准》" },
      { name: "光伏电站限电率", en: "curtailment rate", def: "因电网约束或调度要求被迫弃发的电量与应发电量之比。", source: "GB/T 19964-2024《光伏发电站接入电力系统技术规定》" },
      { name: "光伏电站可研发电量", en: "available generation", def: "在资源与设备可用前提下理论可发出的电量，是弃光率计算的分母。", source: "GB/T 19964-2024《光伏发电站接入电力系统技术规定》" },
      { name: "光伏组件年均衰减率", en: "annual degradation", def: "光伏组件输出功率随运行年限的年平均下降比例，用于发电量与寿命评估。", source: "IEC 61215《地面用光伏组件 设计鉴定和定型》" },
      { name: "半片电池组件", en: "Half-cut cell module", def: "将标准电池片对切后串联封装的组件，降低串联电阻与功率损耗、减小热斑风险，提升组件功率与可靠性，已成为主流封装工艺。", source: "行业通用定义（CPIA《中国光伏产业发展路线图》）" },
      { name: "叠瓦组件", en: "Shingled module", def: "电池切片以导电胶或焊带密排叠层互联、取消常规焊带与片间距的组件，提高封装密度与组件效率，对焊接与应力控制要求较高。", source: "行业通用定义（CPIA《中国光伏产业发展路线图》）" },
      { name: "固定支架最佳倾角", en: "Optimal tilt angle", def: "使年发电量达到最大的固定安装倾角，通常接近当地纬度，需结合辐射资源分布、阵列间距与用地条件综合确定。", source: "GB 50797-2012《光伏发电站设计标准》" },
      { name: "柔性光伏支架", en: "Flexible PV mounting", def: "以预应力钢索大跨度跨越支撑组件、组件下方留空的支架形式，适用于山地、渔光互补、污水处理厂等复杂场地，可显著提高土地复合利用率。", source: "GB 50797-2012《光伏发电站设计标准》及行业通用做法" },
      { name: "建筑光伏一体化", en: "BIPV", def: "光伏组件作为建筑构件替代部分建材、与建筑同步设计施工的光伏应用形式，需同时满足建筑安全、防火、防水与电气安全要求。", source: "GB/T 51368-2019《建筑光伏系统应用技术标准》" },
      { name: "组件工作温度", en: "Module operating temperature", def: "组件在实际运行工况下的电池温度，通常显著高于标准测试条件的25℃，是功率修正、阵列通风散热设计与发电量测算的关键参数。", source: "GB 50797-2012《光伏发电站设计标准》" },
      { name: "组串电压与MPPT电压匹配", en: "String voltage matching", def: "组串在最冷工况下的开路电压不得超过逆变器最大直流输入电压，且工作电压应落在MPPT电压范围内，是组串设计的两大核心约束。", source: "GB 50797-2012《光伏发电站设计标准》" },
      { name: "直流拉弧", en: "DC arc fault", def: "直流侧因接头松动、绝缘破损或误操作产生的持续电弧，温度极高且不易自行熄灭，是引发光伏火灾的主要风险，需配置电弧检测与快速切断保护。", source: "NB/T 32004《光伏并网逆变器技术规范》" },
      { name: "光伏组件选型", en: "PV module selection", def: "综合标称功率、转换效率、首年及逐年衰减、温度系数、双面率、机械载荷与价格等因素确定组件规格的过程，直接影响电站发电量与单位造价。", source: "GB 50797-2012《光伏发电站设计标准》" },
    ],
    wind: [
      { name: "风力发电机组（风电机组）", en: "WTGS", def: "将风能转换为电能的设备系统，含风轮、传动、发电机、变流器与控制系统。", source: "GB 51096-2015《风力发电场设计规范》" },
      { name: "风轮", en: "Rotor", def: "由叶片与轮毂组成、捕获风能并转换为旋转机械能的部件。", source: "GB/T 18451.1-2022《风力发电机组 设计要求》" },
      { name: "叶片", en: "Blade", def: "将风能转化为风轮旋转机械能、具有翼型剖面的关键部件。", source: "GB/T 18451.1-2022《风力发电机组 设计要求》" },
      { name: "轮毂", en: "Hub", def: "连接叶片与主轴、传递扭矩并安装变桨机构的中心部件。", source: "GB/T 18451.1-2022《风力发电机组 设计要求》" },
      { name: "机舱", en: "Nacelle", def: "容纳齿轮箱、发电机、传动链与主控制器的上部舱体。", source: "GB 51096-2015《风力发电场设计规范》" },
      { name: "塔架", en: "Tower", def: "支承机舱与风轮、将其抬升至设计轮毂高度的承重结构。", source: "GB 51096-2015《风力发电场设计规范》" },
      { name: "变流器", en: "Converter", def: "将发电机输出的变频交流电整流逆变、匹配电网频率与电压的电力电子装置。", source: "GB/T 36995-2018《风力发电机组 故障电压穿越能力》" },
      { name: "额定风速", en: "Rated wind speed", def: "风电机组达到额定功率输出时对应的轮毂高度风速。", source: "GB/T 18451.1-2022《风力发电机组 设计要求》" },
      { name: "切入风速", en: "Cut-in wind speed", def: "风电机组开始并网发电的最低风速，低于此风速不输出功率。", source: "GB/T 18451.1-2022《风力发电机组 设计要求》" },
      { name: "切出风速", en: "Cut-out wind speed", def: "风电机组为安全停机而退出运行的最高风速。", source: "GB/T 18451.1-2022《风力发电机组 设计要求》" },
      { name: "生存风速", en: "Survival wind speed", def: "风电机组结构在不发生损坏前提下所能承受的最大风速。", source: "GB/T 18451.1-2022《风力发电机组 设计要求》" },
      { name: "风速-功率曲线", en: "Power curve", def: "风电机组输出有功功率随轮毂高度风速变化的关系曲线。", source: "GB/T 18451.1-2022《风力发电机组 设计要求》" },
      { name: "容量系数（容量因子）", en: "Capacity factor", def: "统计期实际发电量与按额定功率连续满发理论发电量之比。", source: "GB 51096-2015《风力发电场设计规范》" },
      { name: "年利用小时数", en: "Annual full-load hours", def: "风电场年上网电量与装机容量的比值。", source: "GB 51096-2015《风力发电场设计规范》" },
      { name: "风能资源", en: "Wind resource", def: "特定场地可供开发利用的风能蕴藏量，以风速、风功率密度等指标表征。", source: "GB/T 18710-2002《风电场风能资源评估方法》" },
      { name: "平均风速", en: "Mean wind speed", def: "给定时段内风速的算术平均值，是风能评估的基础量。", source: "GB/T 18710-2002《风电场风能资源评估方法》" },
      { name: "风功率密度", en: "Wind power density", def: "与风向垂直的单位面积上风所具有的功率，反映风能丰富程度。", source: "GB/T 18710-2002《风电场风能资源评估方法》" },
      { name: "粗糙度", en: "Roughness", def: "地表特征对近地层风的摩擦阻尼，影响风廓线与塔架高度风速。", source: "GB/T 18710-2002《风电场风能资源评估方法》" },
      { name: "湍流强度", en: "Turbulence intensity (TI)", def: "风速脉动标准差与平均风速之比，影响机组载荷与疲劳寿命。", source: "GB/T 18451.1-2022《风力发电机组 设计要求》" },
      { name: "尾流效应", en: "Wake effect", def: "上游风轮提取能量后在下风向形成的低速、高湍流区域对下游机组的扰动。", source: "GB 51096-2015《风力发电场设计规范》" },
      { name: "尾流损失", en: "Wake loss", def: "因尾流叠加导致全场实际发电量低于各机组独立发电之和的损失。", source: "GB 51096-2015《风力发电场设计规范》" },
      { name: "风切变", en: "Wind shear", def: "风速随离地高度增加而变化的梯度现象，常用幂律描述。", source: "GB/T 18710-2002《风电场风能资源评估方法》" },
      { name: "风廓线", en: "Wind profile", def: "风速随高度分布的曲线，用于推算轮毂高度风速与载荷。", source: "GB/T 18710-2002《风电场风能资源评估方法》" },
      { name: "轮毂高度", en: "Hub height", def: "风轮中心距地高度，提高轮毂高度通常可获得更高风速。", source: "GB 51096-2015《风力发电场设计规范》" },
      { name: "扫风面积", en: "Swept area", def: "风轮旋转所扫过的圆面积，决定可捕获风能的上限。", source: "GB/T 18451.1-2022《风力发电机组 设计要求》" },
      { name: "叶尖速比", en: "Tip speed ratio", def: "叶尖线速度与风速之比，是风轮气动设计的关键无量纲参数。", source: "GB/T 18451.1-2022《风力发电机组 设计要求》" },
      { name: "桨距角", en: "Pitch angle", def: "叶片弦线与旋转平面之间的夹角，通过变桨调节功率与载荷。", source: "GB/T 18451.1-2022《风力发电机组 设计要求》" },
      { name: "偏航", en: "Yaw", def: "使风轮对准风向的旋转动作，保证最大风能捕获。", source: "GB/T 18451.1-2022《风力发电机组 设计要求》" },
      { name: "变桨", en: "Pitch control", def: "通过改变桨距角调节风轮受力的控制方式，用于功率限制与保护。", source: "GB/T 18451.1-2022《风力发电机组 设计要求》" },
      { name: "定桨距/变桨距", en: "Fixed / variable pitch", def: "按桨距是否可调区分的风轮控制形式，变桨距便于大功率限载。", source: "GB/T 18451.1-2022《风力发电机组 设计要求》" },
      { name: "双馈感应发电机", en: "DFIG", def: "转子经变流器接入电网、定子直接并网、部分功率变换的异步发电机。", source: "GB/T 36995-2018《风力发电机组 故障电压穿越能力》" },
      { name: "永磁直驱", en: "PMDD", def: "永磁同步、无齿轮箱、全功率变流器的发电型式，省去传动链易损件。", source: "GB/T 36995-2018《风力发电机组 故障电压穿越能力》" },
      { name: "风电场", en: "Wind farm", def: "由多台并网型风电机组及配套设施组成的发电工程总体。", source: "GB 51096-2015《风力发电场设计规范》" },
      { name: "陆上风电/海上风电", en: "Onshore / offshore", def: "按场址区分：陆地风电场与近海/深远海风电场，后者基础与并网成本更高。", source: "GB 51096-2015《风力发电场设计规范》" },
      { name: "测风塔", en: "Meteorological mast", def: "安装风速风向仪、用于风能资源测量的桁架塔，代表工程前期勘测。", source: "GB/T 18709-2002《风电场风能资源测量方法》" },
      { name: "代表年", en: "Typical year", def: "由长期气象数据合成、能代表风场长期平均状况的年度序列，用于发电量评估。", source: "GB/T 18710-2002《风电场风能资源评估方法》" },
      { name: "折减系数", en: "Derating factor", def: "考虑停机、尾流、不可用等后，对理论发电量进行修正的综合系数。", source: "GB 51096-2015《风力发电场设计规范》" },
      { name: "年发电量", en: "AEP", def: "风电场在统计年内上网的电量，是项目收益测算的核心输入。", source: "GB 51096-2015《风力发电场设计规范》" },
      { name: "低电压穿越", en: "LVRT", def: "电网电压跌落时风电机组维持不脱网并提供无功支撑的能力。", source: "GB/T 36995-2018《风力发电机组 故障电压穿越能力》" },
      { name: "高电压穿越", en: "HVRT", def: "电网电压升高时风电机组维持并网并提供无功支撑的能力。", source: "GB/T 36995-2018《风力发电机组 故障电压穿越能力》" },
      { name: "有功功率控制", en: "Active power control", def: "风电场按调度指令调节有功出力、参与系统功率平衡的能力。", source: "GB/T 19963.1-2021《风电场接入电力系统技术规定 第1部分：陆上风电》" },
      { name: "无功功率调节", en: "Reactive power control", def: "风电场按调度要求调节并网点电压的无功支撑能力。", source: "GB/T 19963.1-2021《风电场接入电力系统技术规定 第1部分：陆上风电》" },
      { name: "贝兹极限", en: "Betz limit", def: "理想风轮理论最大风能捕获效率为59.3%，实际机组远低于此。", source: "GB/T 18451.1-2022《风力发电机组 设计要求》" },
      { name: "风电机组可利用率", en: "WT availability", def: "统计期内机组可发电时间与日历时间之比，反映设备可靠性。", source: "NB/T 31003-2011《大型风电场并网设计技术规范》" },
      { name: "微观选址", en: "Micro-siting", def: "在宏观风资源分区内逐机位优化排布、降低尾流与提升发电量的设计过程。", source: "GB 51096-2015《风力发电场设计规范》" },
      { name: "海上风机基础", en: "Offshore foundation", def: "单桩、导管架、高桩承台、浮式等将风机固定于海床的基础型式。", source: "GB 51096-2015《风力发电场设计规范》" },
      { name: "集电线路", en: "Collector line", def: "汇集各机位升压后电能、输送至升压站的中压线路。", source: "NB/T 31026-2022《风电场工程电气设计规范》" },
      { name: "风电场升压站", en: "Step-up substation", def: "将集电线路中压电能升压至送出电压等级并接入电网的变电站。", source: "NB/T 31026-2022《风电场工程电气设计规范》" },
      { name: "功率特性测试", en: "Power performance test", def: "按标准在指定风况下测量机组功率曲线与年发电量的测试。", source: "GB/T 18451.2-2012《风力发电机组 功率特性测试》" },
      { name: "载荷", en: "Load", def: "风电机组在正常运行与极端工况下结构所承受的力与力矩，决定强度设计。", source: "GB/T 18451.1-2022《风力发电机组 设计要求》" },
      { name: "台风/海冰工况", en: "Extreme condition", def: "海上风电需特别考虑的极端环境载荷工况，影响基础与机组设计。", source: "GB 51096-2015《风力发电场设计规范》" },
      { name: "风电机组比选", en: "WTG selection", def: "按风资源、载荷、造价与发电量对候选机型进行综合比选的设计环节。", source: "GB 51096-2015《风力发电场设计规范》" },
      { name: "风电场装机容量", en: "Installed capacity", def: "风电场所有机组额定功率之和，是规模与投资测算的基准。", source: "GB 51096-2015《风力发电场设计规范》" },
      { name: "弃风率", en: "Wind curtailment", def: "受电网消纳或调峰限制未能发出的风电电量占可发电量之比。", source: "GB/T 19963.1-2021《风电场接入电力系统技术规定 第1部分：陆上风电》" },
      { name: "风电场宏观选址", en: "Macro-siting", def: "在区域风能资源普查基础上确定风电场总体场址与规模的过程。", source: "GB 51096-2015《风力发电场设计规范》" },
      { name: "风资源评估", en: "Wind resource assessment", def: "基于测风与气象数据对场址风能蕴藏量与可开发量进行的评价。", source: "GB/T 18710-2002《风电场风能资源评估方法》" },
      { name: "风功率预测", en: "Wind power forecasting", def: "基于数值天气预报预测风电场未来出力的技术，用于调度与交易。", source: "GB/T 19963.1-2021《风电场接入电力系统技术规定 第1部分：陆上风电》" },
      { name: "风电机组选型", en: "WTG selection", def: "按风资源、载荷与造价对候选机型综合比选确定机型的环节。", source: "GB 51096-2015《风力发电场设计规范》" },
      { name: "风轮直径", en: "Rotor diameter", def: "风轮旋转扫掠圆的直径，决定扫风面积与可捕获风能。", source: "GB/T 18451.1-2022《风力发电机组 设计要求》" },
      { name: "风电机组额定功率", en: "Rated power", def: "风电机组在额定风速以上可长期稳定输出的最大有功功率。", source: "GB/T 18451.1-2022《风力发电机组 设计要求》" },
      { name: "风速仪/风向标", en: "Anemometer / Wind vane", def: "测量风速与风向的传感仪器，是测风塔与机舱气象测量的基础设备。", source: "GB/T 18709-2002《风电场风能资源测量方法》" },
      { name: "风电机组齿轮箱", en: "Gearbox", def: "将风轮低速扭矩增速至发电机所需转速的传动部件（双馈机组）。", source: "GB/T 19073-2018《风力发电机组 齿轮箱设计要求》" },
      { name: "风电机组发电机", en: "Generator", def: "将机械能转为电能的部件，按型式分双馈、永磁同步等。", source: "GB/T 19071.1-2018《风力发电机组 异步发电机 第1部分：技术条件》" },
      { name: "风电机组主控系统", en: "Control system", def: "协调变桨、偏航、变流与保护的机组核心控制系统。", source: "GB/T 25386.1-2021《风力发电机组 控制系统 第1部分：技术条件》" },
      { name: "风电机组变桨系统", en: "Pitch system", def: "驱动叶片改变桨距角以调节功率与载荷的执行系统。", source: "GB/T 25386.1-2021《风力发电机组 控制系统 第1部分：技术条件》" },
      { name: "风电机组偏航系统", en: "Yaw system", def: "驱动机舱绕塔架旋转、使风轮对准风向的伺服系统。", source: "GB/T 25386.1-2021《风力发电机组 控制系统 第1部分：技术条件》" },
      { name: "风电机组状态监测", en: "CMS", def: "对振动、温度等信号在线监测以预警故障的机组健康管理系统。", source: "NB/T 31004-2011《风力发电机组 振动状态监测导则》" },
      { name: "风电机组振动监测", en: "Vibration monitoring", def: "通过加速度传感监测传动链与叶片振动、识别早期缺陷。", source: "NB/T 31004-2011《风力发电机组 振动状态监测导则》" },
      { name: "风电机组叶片覆冰", en: "Blade icing", def: "低温湿环境下叶片表面结冰，改变翼型并引发载荷与安全问题。", source: "GB/T 18451.1-2022《风力发电机组 设计要求》" },
      { name: "风电机组防雷", en: "Lightning protection", def: "通过接闪、引下与接地保护叶片、机舱与电气系统免受雷击。", source: "GB/T 18451.1-2022《风力发电机组 设计要求》" },
      { name: "风电机组运维", en: "O&M", def: "对机组进行的巡检、检修、备件与故障处理等运行维护活动。", source: "NB/T 10985-2022《风力发电场维护规程》" },
      { name: "风电场SCADA", en: "SCADA", def: "对全场机组与升压站进行数据采集与集中监视的控制系统。", source: "GB 51096-2015《风力发电场设计规范》" },
      { name: "风电场AGC/AVC", en: "AGC / AVC", def: "自动发电控制与自动电压控制，按调度指令调节全场有功与无功。", source: "GB/T 19963.1-2021《风电场接入电力系统技术规定 第1部分：陆上风电》" },
      { name: "风电场一次调频", en: "Primary frequency", def: "风电场随系统频率变化自动快速调节出力的频率支撑能力。", source: "GB/T 19963.1-2021《风电场接入电力系统技术规定 第1部分：陆上风电》" },
      { name: "海上风电升压站", en: "Offshore substation", def: "建于海上的汇集与升压平台，将风机电能升压后送出海缆。", source: "GB 51096-2015《风力发电场设计规范》" },
      { name: "海上风电柔直送出", en: "VSC-HVDC", def: "采用电压源换流器直流输电将大规模海上风电送出的方式。", source: "GB/T 13498-2017《高压直流输电术语》" },
      { name: "海底电缆", en: "Submarine cable", def: "敷设于海床、输送海上风电电能的电力电缆，含光电复合结构。", source: "NB/T 31026-2022《风电场工程电气设计规范》" },
      { name: "风电机组塔筒", en: "Tower section", def: "由多段钢制锥筒组成的塔架筒节，支承机舱与风轮。", source: "GB 51096-2015《风力发电场设计规范》" },
      { name: "风电机组基础", en: "Foundation", def: "陆上风机承受倾覆与疲劳荷载的承重基础，常见扩展基础与桩基。", source: "GB 51096-2015《风力发电场设计规范》" },
      { name: "风电发电量后评估", en: "Energy yield assessment", def: "对比实际发电量与预测值、分析偏差来源的评价工作。", source: "NB/T 31071-2016《风力发电场后评价规程》" },
      { name: "风电场退役拆除", en: "Decommissioning", def: "风电场寿命到期或改造时的机组拆除、基础处理与场址恢复。", source: "行业通用风电退役标准（GB 51096-2015 设计寿命相关）" },
      { name: "风电制氢", en: "Wind-to-H2", def: "利用富余风电电解水制氢、实现长周期能量存储与消纳的方式。", source: "国家能源局氢能产业发展中长期规划" },
      { name: "风光储一体化", en: "Wind-Solar-Storage", def: "在同一场址统筹风电、光伏与储能、提升并网友好性的项目形态。", source: "国家发展改革委源网荷储一体化政策" },
      { name: "空气密度", en: "air density", def: "单位体积空气的质量，影响风功率密度与机组出力。", source: "GB/T 18710-2002《风电场风能资源评估方法》" },
      { name: "威布尔分布", en: "Weibull distribution", def: "描述风速出现频率的概率分布，常用以拟合风资源。", source: "GB/T 18710-2002《风电场风能资源评估方法》" },
      { name: "风切变指数", en: "wind shear exponent", def: "描述风速随高度变化规律的指数，用于推算轮毂高度风速。", source: "GB/T 18710-2002《风电场风能资源评估方法》" },
      { name: "风电场理论发电量", en: "gross energy production", def: "不计任何损失时风电场应发出的电量。", source: "GB/T 51096-2015《风力发电场设计规范》" },
      { name: "风电场综合场用电率", en: "plant auxiliary consumption rate", def: "风电场自用电量与发电量的比值。", source: "GB/T 51096-2015《风力发电场设计规范》" },
      { name: "风力发电机组功率特性", en: "power performance", def: "机组输出功率随风速变化的特性，由功率曲线表征。", source: "GB/T 18451.2-2012《风力发电机组 功率特性测试》" },
      { name: "风力发电机组载荷", en: "load", def: "机组结构在运行与极端工况下承受的力与力矩，是设计校核对象。", source: "GB/T 18451.1-2022《风力发电机组 设计要求》" },
      { name: "风力发电机组安全系统", en: "protection system", def: "监测故障并触发停机保护、防止设备损坏的软硬件系统。", source: "GB/T 35204-2017《风力发电机组 安全手册》" },
      { name: "海上风电基础结构", en: "offshore substructure", def: "承受机组与塔架荷载并传递至海床的海上结构，含单桩、导管架、漂浮式等。", source: "GB/T 51308-2019《海上风力发电场设计标准》" },
      { name: "风电场无功补偿", en: "reactive power compensation", def: "满足并网无功与电压要求的补偿装置配置。", source: "NB/T 31003-2011《大型风电场并网设计技术规范》" },
      { name: "风电场并网检测", en: "grid-connection test", def: "机组或电场并网前对电能质量、低穿、无功等进行的检测。", source: "NB/T 31003-2011《大型风电场并网设计技术规范》" },
      { name: "风电场运行指标", en: "operational KPI", def: "含可利用率、限电率、等效利用小时等的运行评价指标。", source: "DL/T 666-2012《风力发电场运行规程》" },
      { name: "风能密度", en: "Wind power density", def: "单位扫风面积上可通过的风能功率，与空气密度成正比、与风速的三次方成正比，是风资源评估的核心指标。", source: "GB/T 18710-2002《风电场风能资源评估方法》" },
      { name: "漂浮式海上风电", en: "Floating offshore wind", def: "以浮式基础承载风电机组、通过系泊系统定位的海上风电形式，适用于水深60m以上的深远海海域，是深远海开发的关键技术方向。", source: "行业通用定义（国家能源局海上风电相关政策）" },
      { name: "低风速风电机组", en: "Low wind speed wind turbine", def: "针对年平均风速约5~6.5 m/s的低风速区域优化设计的机组，通过增大风轮直径与提高轮毂高度提升低风速段发电能力。", source: "GB 51096-2015《风力发电场设计规范》" },
      { name: "抗台风型风电机组", en: "Typhoon-resistant wind turbine", def: "按台风工况特殊设计、具备抗台风控制策略并加强结构强度与基础设计的机组，用于东南沿海受台风影响区域。", source: "GB 51096-2015《风力发电场设计规范》" },
      { name: "风电机组噪声", en: "Wind turbine noise", def: "机组运行时产生的机械噪声与气动噪声，是风电场微观选址、环境影响评价和居民点防护距离确定的重要约束条件。", source: "行业通用定义（风电场环境影响评价相关要求）" },
      { name: "风电叶片回收", en: "Wind turbine blade recycling", def: "对退役风电叶片进行机械粉碎、热解或化学降解等资源化处置的技术，因叶片为热固性复合材料而成为退役处置的行业难点。", source: "NB/T 11604-2024《陆上风电场工程拆除技术规范》" },
    ],
    storage: [
      { name: "电化学储能", en: "Electrochemical ESS", def: "通过电化学电池实现电能与化学能相互转换的储能方式。", source: "GB/T 51048-2025《电化学储能电站设计标准》" },
      { name: "储能电站", en: "Energy storage station", def: "由储能电池系统、变流器及相关设施组成的、接入电网的储能工程。", source: "GB/T 51048-2025《电化学储能电站设计标准》" },
      { name: "储能系统", en: "ESS", def: "由电池系统、储能变流器、监控与能量管理构成的完整储能装置。", source: "GB/T 36547-2024《电化学储能系统接入电网技术规定》" },
      { name: "储能单元", en: "Energy storage unit", def: "由电池簇与对应的储能变流器组合而成的独立充放电单元。", source: "GB/T 51048-2025《电化学储能电站设计标准》" },
      { name: "电池单体", en: "Cell", def: "直接实现电化学反应、将化学能转为电能的最小电池单元。", source: "GB/T 36276-2023《电力储能用锂离子电池》" },
      { name: "电池模块", en: "Battery module", def: "由若干电池单体串联/并联、带有监测与保护构成的组合体。", source: "GB/T 36276-2023《电力储能用锂离子电池》" },
      { name: "电池簇", en: "Battery cluster", def: "由多个电池模块串并联组成的、具有独立管理回路的电池组合。", source: "GB/T 51048-2025《电化学储能电站设计标准》" },
      { name: "储能变流器", en: "PCS", def: "实现储能电池与电网之间交直流双向变换、具备并/离网控制的电力电子设备。", source: "GB/T 34120-2023《电化学储能系统储能变流器技术要求》" },
      { name: "电池管理系统", en: "BMS", def: "监测电池电压、温度、SOC等并对充放电与均衡进行管理的系统。", source: "GB/T 36276-2023《电力储能用锂离子电池》" },
      { name: "能量管理系统", en: "EMS", def: "对储能系统进行调度、监控与优化控制的系统，对接电网调度。", source: "GB/T 36547-2024《电化学储能系统接入电网技术规定》" },
      { name: "电池预制舱", en: "Battery container", def: "将电池簇、BMS、热管理与消防集成于标准集装箱内的储能单元。", source: "GB/T 51048-2025《电化学储能电站设计标准》" },
      { name: "荷电状态", en: "SOC", def: "电池剩余可用容量与额定容量的百分比，反映当前电量水平。", source: "GB/T 36276-2023《电力储能用锂离子电池》" },
      { name: "放电深度", en: "DOD", def: "电池放出容量与额定容量之比，深度影响循环寿命。", source: "GB/T 36276-2023《电力储能用锂离子电池》" },
      { name: "健康状态", en: "SOH", def: "电池当前可用容量（或内阻）与初始标称值的相对比例，反映老化程度。", source: "GB/T 36276-2023《电力储能用锂离子电池》" },
      { name: "循环寿命", en: "Cycle life", def: "电池在指定工况下容量衰减至规定阈值前可完成的充放电循环次数。", source: "GB/T 36276-2023《电力储能用锂离子电池》" },
      { name: "日历寿命", en: "Calendar life", def: "电池从投运到性能衰退至阈值所经历的日历时间，与循环寿命并行。", source: "GB/T 36276-2023《电力储能用锂离子电池》" },
      { name: "额定容量", en: "Rated capacity", def: "在规定的温度与放电条件下电池可放出的电量，单位Ah或kWh。", source: "GB/T 36276-2023《电力储能用锂离子电池》" },
      { name: "额定能量", en: "Rated energy", def: "储能系统在额定条件下可释放的总电能，单位kWh，是规模指标。", source: "GB/T 51048-2025《电化学储能电站设计标准》" },
      { name: "能量密度", en: "Energy density", def: "单位质量或单位体积电池所含能量，决定体积与重量。", source: "GB/T 36276-2023《电力储能用锂离子电池》" },
      { name: "功率密度", en: "Power density", def: "单位质量或体积电池可输出功率，反映功率响应能力。", source: "GB/T 34120-2023《电化学储能系统储能变流器技术要求》" },
      { name: "倍率（C-rate）", en: "C-rate", def: "充放电电流与额定容量的比值，1C表示1小时充满/放完。", source: "GB/T 36276-2023《电力储能用锂离子电池》" },
      { name: "充放电效率（往返效率）", en: "Round-trip efficiency", def: "放电输出电量与充电输入电量之比，是储能经济性的核心指标。", source: "GB/T 51048-2025《电化学储能电站设计标准》" },
      { name: "磷酸铁锂", en: "LFP", def: "以磷酸铁锂为正极的锂离子电池，安全性高、循环寿命长，储能主流技术。", source: "GB/T 36276-2023《电力储能用锂离子电池》" },
      { name: "三元锂", en: "NCM/NCA", def: "以镍钴锰/镍钴铝为正极的锂离子电池，能量密度高、成本较高。", source: "GB/T 36276-2023《电力储能用锂离子电池》" },
      { name: "铅酸电池", en: "Lead-acid", def: "传统低成本蓄电池，循环寿命较短，多用于备用电源。", source: "GB/T 36276-2023《电力储能用锂离子电池》" },
      { name: "液流电池", en: "Flow battery", def: "活性物质外置电解液、功率与容量可独立设计的电化学储能，适合长时。", source: "GB/T 51048-2025《电化学储能电站设计标准》" },
      { name: "钠硫电池", en: "NaS", def: "以熔融钠与硫为电极、陶瓷电解质的高温蓄电池，能量密度较高。", source: "GB/T 51048-2025《电化学储能电站设计标准》" },
      { name: "压缩空气储能", en: "CAES", def: "将电能转为压缩空气势能、释能时膨胀发电的大容量物理储能。", source: "GB/T 51048-2025《电化学储能电站设计标准》" },
      { name: "飞轮储能", en: "Flywheel", def: "以高速旋转转子储存动能、响应极快、适合调频的物理储能。", source: "GB/T 51048-2025《电化学储能电站设计标准》" },
      { name: "超级电容", en: "Supercapacitor", def: "以静电双层储能、功率密度极高、循环寿命极长的功率型器件。", source: "GB/T 51048-2025《电化学储能电站设计标准》" },
      { name: "抽水蓄能", en: "Pumped storage", def: "利用上/下水库水位差、用电低谷抽水蓄能、高峰发电的大规模储能。", source: "GB/T 51048-2025《电化学储能电站设计标准》" },
      { name: "梯次利用", en: "Echelon use", def: "动力电池退役后仍可用于低倍率储能场景的二次利用方式。", source: "GB/T 36276-2023《电力储能用锂离子电池》" },
      { name: "储能时长", en: "Duration", def: "储能系统以额定功率可连续放电的时长，常见2h/4h。", source: "GB/T 51048-2025《电化学储能电站设计标准》" },
      { name: "功率型/能量型储能", en: "Power/Energy type", def: "按主导应用区分：功率型重响应速度、能量型重持续供电能力。", source: "GB/T 36547-2024《电化学储能系统接入电网技术规定》" },
      { name: "削峰填谷", en: "Peak shaving", def: "用电高峰放电、低谷充电以平抑负荷曲线的储能应用。", source: "GB/T 36547-2024《电化学储能系统接入电网技术规定》" },
      { name: "调频", en: "Frequency regulation", def: "储能快速响应AGC指令、平抑系统频率波动的辅助服务应用。", source: "GB/T 36547-2024《电化学储能系统接入电网技术规定》" },
      { name: "调峰", en: "Peaking", def: "储能参与系统峰谷电力平衡、缓解电源调峰压力的调节应用。", source: "GB/T 36547-2024《电化学储能系统接入电网技术规定》" },
      { name: "一次/二次调频", en: "Primary/Secondary regulation", def: "一次为机组随频率自动响应、二次为调度AGC闭环调节。", source: "GB/T 36547-2024《电化学储能系统接入电网技术规定》" },
      { name: "无功支撑", en: "Reactive support", def: "储能PCS向电网提供无功、维持并网点电压稳定的能力。", source: "GB/T 34120-2023《电化学储能系统储能变流器技术要求》" },
      { name: "新能源配储", en: "Renewable + storage", def: "电源侧按政策比例配置储能以提升新能源消纳与并网友好性。", source: "GB/T 36547-2024《电化学储能系统接入电网技术规定》" },
      { name: "独立储能", en: "Independent storage", def: "独立计量、作为市场主体参与电能量与辅助服务市场的储能电站。", source: "GB/T 51048-2025《电化学储能电站设计标准》" },
      { name: "共享储能", en: "Shared storage", def: "由第三方建设、向多个新能源项目提供容量租赁与服务的储能模式。", source: "GB/T 51048-2025《电化学储能电站设计标准》" },
      { name: "用户侧储能", en: "Behind-the-meter", def: "位于用户关口内、用于削峰填谷与需量管理的储能。", source: "GB/T 36547-2024《电化学储能系统接入电网技术规定》" },
      { name: "电网侧储能", en: "Grid-side storage", def: "接入输配电网络、提供系统级支撑与缓堵的储能。", source: "GB/T 51048-2025《电化学储能电站设计标准》" },
      { name: "电源侧储能", en: "Generation-side storage", def: "紧邻发电电源、提升新能源外送与平滑出力的储能。", source: "GB/T 51048-2025《电化学储能电站设计标准》" },
      { name: "平准化储能成本", en: "LCOS", def: "储能全生命周期成本现值与可释放电量现值之比，即单位放电成本。", source: "行业通用技术经济指标（详见“评价”类）" },
      { name: "热管理", en: "Thermal management", def: "通过风冷/液冷维持电池舱温度在安全运行区间的温控系统。", source: "GB/T 51048-2025《电化学储能电站设计标准》" },
      { name: "液冷/风冷", en: "Liquid/Air cooling", def: "按冷却介质区分的电池温控方式，液冷温差控制更优。", source: "GB/T 51048-2025《电化学储能电站设计标准》" },
      { name: "电池一致性", en: "Cell consistency", def: "同簇电池在容量、内阻、自放电等参数上的离散程度，影响可用容量。", source: "GB/T 36276-2023《电力储能用锂离子电池》" },
      { name: "消防系统", en: "Fire protection", def: "电池舱探测、报警与气体灭火（如全氟己酮）的安全系统。", source: "GB/T 51048-2025《电化学储能电站设计标准》" },
      { name: "构网型/跟网型", en: "Grid-forming / Grid-following", def: "构网型可主动构建电压频率、提供惯量；跟网型跟踪电网相位。", source: "GB/T 36547-2024《电化学储能系统接入电网技术规定》" },
      { name: "黑启动", en: "Black start", def: "储能作为启动电源，在无外部电源情况下协助系统恢复供电。", source: "GB/T 36547-2024《电化学储能系统接入电网技术规定》" },
      { name: "惯量支撑", en: "Inertia support", def: "构网型储能模拟同步机惯性、平抑频率突变的支撑能力。", source: "GB/T 36547-2024《电化学储能系统接入电网技术规定》" },
      { name: "虚拟同步机", en: "VSG", def: "控制储能模拟同步发电机外特性的技术，提供惯量与阻尼。", source: "GB/T 34120-2023《电化学储能系统储能变流器技术要求》" },
      { name: "容量租赁", en: "Capacity lease", def: "新能源项目向独立/共享储能租赁配置容量以满足配储要求的商业模式。", source: "GB/T 51048-2025《电化学储能电站设计标准》" },
      { name: "储能电站可用率", en: "Availability", def: "统计期内储能可调用时间与日历时间之比。", source: "GB/T 51048-2025《电化学储能电站设计标准》" },
      { name: "簇级管理", en: "Cluster management", def: "对每电池簇独立监测与均衡、抑制环流的管理架构。", source: "GB/T 36276-2023《电力储能用锂离子电池》" },
      { name: "功率平滑", en: "Power smoothing", def: "利用储能平抑新能源出力短时波动、满足并网波动率要求的控制。", source: "GB/T 36547-2024《电化学储能系统接入电网技术规定》" },
      { name: "并网点", en: "Point of coupling", def: "储能系统与电网的公共连接位置，电气参数监测与考核点。", source: "GB/T 36547-2024《电化学储能系统接入电网技术规定》" },
      { name: "储能系统短路电流", en: "Short-circuit current", def: "储能并网点发生短路时的故障电流，用于保护整定与设备选型。", source: "GB/T 34120-2023《电化学储能系统储能变流器技术要求》" },
      { name: "储能系统集成", en: "System integration", def: "将电池、PCS、BMS、EMS、热管理与消防集成为可交付电站的工程过程。", source: "GB/T 51048-2025《电化学储能电站设计标准》" },
      { name: "储能系统可用容量", en: "Available capacity", def: "考虑衰减、温度与一致性后，系统实际可放电的容量。", source: "GB/T 36276-2023《电力储能用锂离子电池》" },
      { name: "电池热失控", en: "Thermal runaway", def: "电池内部放热链式反应导致温度与压力急剧上升的失效现象。", source: "GB 44240-2024《电能存储系统 安全要求》" },
      { name: "热失控蔓延", en: "Thermal propagation", def: "单体内短路热失控向相邻电池传播、扩大事故的扩展过程。", source: "GB 44240-2024《电能存储系统 安全要求》" },
      { name: "储能电站火灾预警", en: "Fire warning", def: "通过烟感、温感与气体探测早期识别电池热失控风险的预警系统。", source: "GB/T 51048-2025《电化学储能电站设计标准》" },
      { name: "储能电站防爆", en: "Explosion protection", def: "通过泄压、通风与防爆电气防止可燃气体聚集爆燃的安全措施。", source: "GB/T 51048-2025《电化学储能电站设计标准》" },
      { name: "储能消防抑制", en: "Fire suppression", def: "采用全氟己酮、细水雾等介质抑制电池火灾并降温的灭火系统。", source: "GB/T 51048-2025《电化学储能电站设计标准》" },
      { name: "储能PCS效率", en: "PCS efficiency", def: "储能变流器交流输出（或输入）与直流侧功率之比，影响往返效率。", source: "GB/T 34120-2023《电化学储能系统储能变流器技术要求》" },
      { name: "储能系统响应时间", en: "Response time", def: "从收到调度指令到实际出力达到目标值的时间，是调频关键指标。", source: "GB/T 36547-2024《电化学储能系统接入电网技术规定》" },
      { name: "储能系统调节精度", en: "Regulation accuracy", def: "储能实际出力与调度指令值之间的偏差水平。", source: "GB/T 36547-2024《电化学储能系统接入电网技术规定》" },
      { name: "储能一次调频", en: "Primary regulation", def: "储能随系统频率偏差自动快速充放电、提供惯量支撑的能力。", source: "GB/T 36547-2024《电化学储能系统接入电网技术规定》" },
      { name: "储能调频里程", en: "Regulation mileage", def: "储能按AGC指令在统计期内累计的调节行程，是调频补偿计量依据。", source: "国家能源局电力辅助服务管理办法" },
      { name: "储能调频性能", en: "K1/K2/Kp", def: "以调节速率、精度与滞后综合表征的调频性能指标。", source: "国家能源局电力辅助服务管理办法" },
      { name: "工商业储能", en: "C&I storage", def: "位于工商业用户侧、利用峰谷价差套利与需量管理的储能。", source: "行业通用工商业储能应用（GB/T 51048-2025 设计标准）" },
      { name: "台区储能", en: "Feeder storage", def: "配置在配电变压器台区、缓解重过载与提升消纳的储能。", source: "配电网侧储能相关技术导则" },
      { name: "光储充", en: "PV-Storage-EV", def: "光伏+储能+充电桩一体化，利用储能平抑充电负荷冲击。", source: "行业通用一体化应用" },
      { name: "储能备用电源", en: "Backup storage", def: "在电网失电时提供应急电力的储能系统，常见于关键负荷。", source: "GB/T 51048-2025《电化学储能电站设计标准》" },
      { name: "储能系统通信", en: "Comm. protocol", def: "储能通过 Modbus、CAN、IEC 61850 等与EMS/调度通信的协议。", source: "GB/T 36547-2024《电化学储能系统接入电网技术规定》" },
      { name: "储能并网测试", en: "Grid test", def: "对储能并网性能（电能质量、低穿、响应）进行的现场测试。", source: "GB/T 36548-2024《电化学储能电站接入电网测试规程》" },
      { name: "储能电池PACK", en: "Battery PACK", def: "由电池模块与结构、热管理与采集线束集成的电池包单元。", source: "GB/T 36276-2023《电力储能用锂离子电池》" },
      { name: "储能液冷机组", en: "Liquid cooling unit", def: "通过冷却液循环为电池舱散热的温控设备，控温精度高。", source: "GB/T 51048-2025《电化学储能电站设计标准》" },
      { name: "储能风冷机组", en: "Air cooling unit", def: "通过风道与风机为电池舱散热的温控设备，结构简单。", source: "GB/T 51048-2025《电化学储能电站设计标准》" },
      { name: "储能电站防洪", en: "Flood control", def: "按场址防洪标准设置场地标高与排水、防止水淹的设施。", source: "GB/T 51048-2025《电化学储能电站设计标准》" },
      { name: "储能电站接地", en: "Grounding", def: "电池舱与PCS的安全接地系统，保障人身与设备安全。", source: "GB/T 51048-2025《电化学储能电站设计标准》" },
      { name: "储能电池回收", en: "Recycling", def: "对退役电池进行材料再生与无害化处理的循环利用过程。", source: "动力电池回收利用相关管理办法" },
      { name: "储能碳减排", en: "Carbon reduction", def: "储能替代化石调峰、提升新能源消纳所实现的温室气体减排量。", source: "生态环境部CCER相关技术方法学" },
      { name: "储能容量配置", en: "Capacity sizing", def: "按应用目标（调峰/调频/消纳）优化确定功率与时长的方法。", source: "行业通用储能规划方法（GB/T 36547）" },
      { name: "储能EPC", en: "EPC", def: "储能电站的设计、采购、施工总承包建设模式。", source: "行业通用工程承包模式" },
      { name: "新型储能", en: "New-type storage", def: "除抽水蓄能外、以电化学等为主的新型储能技术统称。", source: "国家发展改革委关于加快推动新型储能发展的指导意见" },
      { name: "储能配置比例", en: "Storage ratio", def: "新能源项目配置储能功率与时长占电源装机之比，常按10%/2h等。", source: "各省新能源配储政策" },
      { name: "电力储能系统", en: "electrical energy storage system (EESS)", def: "由一个或多个储能单元及配套设备组成的、可实现电能存储与释放的系统。", source: "GB/T 42313-2023《电力储能系统 术语》" },
      { name: "电池簇控制器", en: "cluster controller", def: "管理电池簇充放电与均衡的控制器。", source: "GB/T 34131-2023《电力储能用电池管理系统》" },
      { name: "储能系统充放电倍率", en: "charge/discharge C-rate", def: "充放电电流与额定容量之比，表征功率强度。", source: "GB/T 36276-2023《电力储能用锂离子电池》" },
      { name: "储能系统能量吞吐量", en: "throughput energy", def: "统计周期内储能系统充入或放出的总电量。", source: "GB/T 42313-2023《电力储能系统 术语》" },
      { name: "电化学储能电站", en: "electrochemical energy storage station", def: "以电化学电池为储能介质、接入电网的电站。", source: "GB/T 51048-2025《电化学储能电站设计标准》" },
      { name: "储能电站安全规程", en: "safety code", def: "涵盖电池、消防、监控的电站安全运行要求。", source: "GB/T 42288-2022《电化学储能电站安全规程》" },
      { name: "储能系统功率调节", en: "power regulation", def: "按调度指令调节有功/无功功率的能力。", source: "GB/T 36547-2024《电化学储能系统接入电网技术规定》" },
      { name: "构网型储能", en: "grid-forming storage", def: "具备电压源特性、可主动支撑电网电压与频率的储能。", source: "GB/T 42313-2023《电力储能系统 术语》" },
      { name: "跟网型储能", en: "grid-following storage", def: "以电流源方式跟踪电网电压相位并网的储能。", source: "GB/T 42313-2023《电力储能系统 术语》" },
      { name: "储能系统荷电状态区间", en: "SOC window", def: "储能实际运行允许的荷电状态上下限范围。", source: "GB/T 34131-2023《电力储能用电池管理系统》" },
      { name: "储能电站运维", en: "O&M", def: "对储能电站设备进行的巡检、维护、检修与试验。", source: "GB/T 40090-2021《储能电站运行维护规程》" },
      { name: "储能系统绝缘监测", en: "insulation monitoring", def: "监测直流侧与电网间绝缘状态的装置，防止漏电。", source: "GB/T 34120-2023《电化学储能系统储能变流器技术要求》" },
      { name: "储能系统故障穿越", en: "fault ride-through", def: "电网故障期间储能保持并网并提供支撑的能力。", source: "GB/T 36547-2024《电化学储能系统接入电网技术规定》" },
      { name: "储能电站接入系统", en: "grid integration", def: "储能电站接入电网的电气主接线与送出设计。", source: "GB/T 36547-2024《电化学储能系统接入电网技术规定》" },
      { name: "储能系统充放电策略", en: "charge/discharge strategy", def: "依据电价、负荷与SOC制定的充放电计划。", source: "GB/T 42313-2023《电力储能系统 术语》" },
      { name: "电池单体（电芯）", en: "Battery cell", def: "电池的最小电化学单元，多个电芯经串并联组成电池模组，再由模组与BMS、热管理、消防等集成为电池系统。", source: "GB/T 36276-2023《电力储能用锂离子电池》" },
      { name: "磷酸铁锂电池", en: "LFP battery", def: "以磷酸铁锂为正极材料的锂离子电池，安全性与循环寿命优、成本较低、热稳定性好，是当前电力储能的主流技术路线。", source: "GB/T 36276-2023《电力储能用锂离子电池》" },
      { name: "钠离子电池", en: "Sodium-ion battery", def: "以钠离子为载流子的二次电池，低温性能与资源禀赋优势明显，但能量密度与循环寿命目前仍低于磷酸铁锂电池，处于产业化初期。", source: "行业通用定义（《关于推动能源电子产业发展的指导意见》）" },
      { name: "全钒液流电池", en: "Vanadium redox flow battery", def: "以钒离子溶液为正负极活性物质的液流电池，功率与容量解耦、循环寿命长、本质安全，适合4小时以上的长时储能场景。", source: "行业通用定义（液流电池国家标准体系）" },
      { name: "重力储能", en: "Gravity energy storage", def: "利用重物提升储存势能、下落时释放势能发电的物理储能技术，寿命长、环境友好且衰减极低，适合长时间尺度储能与废弃矿井改造。", source: "行业通用定义（国家能源局新型储能试点示范相关文件）" },
      { name: "液态空气储能", en: "Liquid air energy storage (LAES)", def: "在低谷电时段将空气深冷液化储存、高峰时段气化膨胀推动透平发电的大规模长时储能技术，不依赖特殊地理条件。", source: "行业通用定义（国家能源局新型储能试点示范相关文件）" },
      { name: "熔盐储热", en: "Molten salt thermal storage", def: "以熔融盐为介质储存热能的技术，是塔式与槽式光热电站实现连续稳定发电的核心，也可用于火电灵活性改造与工业供热。", source: "行业通用定义（光热发电相关国家标准）" },
      { name: "电池内阻", en: "Internal resistance", def: "电池内部对电流通过的阻碍作用，随老化与温度变化而增大，是判断电池功率特性、发热水平与老化程度的重要参数。", source: "GB/T 36276-2023《电力储能用锂离子电池》" },
      { name: "电池均衡", en: "Cell balancing", def: "通过被动耗散或主动转移电荷的方式减小电池单体之间电压与SOC差异的技术，直接影响系统可用容量、安全性与循环寿命。", source: "GB/T 36276-2023《电力储能用锂离子电池》" },
    ],
    hydrogen: [
      { name: "源网荷储", en: "Source-Grid-Load-Storage", def: "统筹电源、电网、负荷与储能的一体化协同运行体系。", source: "国家发展改革委源网荷储一体化政策" },
      { name: "多能互补", en: "Multi-energy complementarity", def: "风、光、水、火、储等多种能源协同优化、提升系统效率。", source: "国家能源局多能互补集成优化示范政策" },
      { name: "综合能源", en: "Integrated energy", def: "电、热、冷、气、储协同供应的能源系统形态。", source: "国家能源局综合能源服务相关文件" },
      { name: "微电网", en: "Microgrid", def: "由分布式电源、储能、负荷构成的、可并网可孤岛运行的小型系统。", source: "GB/T 33589-2017《微电网接入电力系统技术规定》" },
      { name: "孤岛运行", en: "Islanded operation", def: "微电网脱离主网、由内部电源独立维持供电的运行模式。", source: "GB/T 33589-2017《微电网接入电力系统技术规定》" },
      { name: "氢能", en: "Hydrogen energy", def: "以氢为载体的二次能源，可作为长周期储能与工业原料。", source: "国家能源局氢能产业发展中长期规划" },
      { name: "电解水制氢", en: "Electrolysis", def: "以电将水分解为氢与氧的制氢方式，可耦合可再生能源。", source: "国家能源局氢能产业发展中长期规划" },
      { name: "绿氢/灰氢/蓝氢", en: "Green/Grey/Blue H2", def: "按制取来源与碳排区分：可再生电力制绿氢、化石制灰氢、化石+CCUS制蓝氢。", source: "国家能源局氢能产业发展中长期规划" },
      { name: "氢储能", en: "Hydrogen storage", def: "将电能转为氢、再经燃料电池或掺烧释放的能量存储方式。", source: "国家能源局氢能产业发展中长期规划" },
      { name: "源荷储一体化", en: "Source-load-storage integration", def: "在同一区域内统筹源、荷、储实现自我平衡与优化的项目形态。", source: "国家发展改革委源网荷储一体化政策" },
      { name: "能源互联网", en: "Energy internet", def: "以电力系统为核心、多能协同与信息物理融合的现代能源体系。", source: "GB/T 40097-2021《能源路由器功能规范和技术要求》" },
      { name: "综合能源服务", en: "Integrated energy service", def: "面向用户提供的供能、节能与能源管理一体化服务。", source: "国家能源局综合能源服务相关文件" },
      { name: "氢气", en: "hydrogen", def: "化学元素H的单质，清洁能源载体。", source: "GB/T 24499-2009《氢气、氢能与燃料电池 术语》" },
      { name: "电解槽", en: "electrolyzer", def: "将水电解为氢气与氧气的设备，按技术分碱性、PEM、SOEC等。", source: "GB/T 19774-2005《水电解制氢系统技术要求》" },
      { name: "碱性电解水制氢", en: "ALK electrolysis", def: "以氢氧化钾溶液为电解质、镍基电极为材料的电解制氢技术。", source: "GB/T 19774-2005《水电解制氢系统技术要求》" },
      { name: "质子交换膜电解", en: "PEM electrolysis", def: "以质子交换膜为电解质与隔膜的电解制氢技术，启停快、纯度高。", source: "GB/T 19774-2005《水电解制氢系统技术要求》" },
      { name: "燃料电池", en: "fuel cell", def: "将燃料化学能经电化学反应直接转为电能的装置。", source: "GB/T 24499-2009《氢气、氢能与燃料电池 术语》" },
      { name: "质子交换膜燃料电池", en: "PEMFC", def: "以质子交换膜为电解质、氢气为燃料的低温燃料电池。", source: "GB/T 20042.1-2017《质子交换膜燃料电池 第1部分：术语》" },
      { name: "加氢站", en: "hydrogen refueling station", def: "为氢燃料车辆提供压缩氢气加注服务的站点。", source: "GB 50516-2021《加氢站技术规范》" },
      { name: "储氢", en: "hydrogen storage", def: "将氢气以高压气态、液氢或固态材料形式储存。", source: "GB/T 34542-2017《氢气储存输送系统》" },
      { name: "高压气态储氢", en: "compressed hydrogen storage", def: "以高压气瓶储存氢气的方式，常用35MPa/70MPa。", source: "GB/T 35544-2025《车用压缩氢气铝内胆碳纤维全缠绕气瓶》" },
      { name: "液氢", en: "liquid hydrogen", def: "常压低温(-253℃)液态氢，单位体积储氢密度高。", source: "GB/T 34542-2017《氢气储存输送系统》" },
      { name: "氢储运", en: "hydrogen transport", def: "氢气通过管束车、管道、液氢槽车等方式的运输。", source: "GB/T 34542-2017《氢气储存输送系统》" },
      { name: "氢燃料电池汽车", en: "FCEV", def: "以氢燃料电池为主要动力源的汽车。", source: "GB/T 24499-2009《氢气、氢能与燃料电池 术语》" },
      { name: "绿氢认证", en: "green hydrogen certification", def: "依据制氢电力来源与碳排放核算对绿氢属性进行认定的过程。", source: "《氢能产业发展中长期规划（2021—2035年）》" },
      { name: "氢电耦合", en: "hydrogen-power coupling", def: "氢能系统与电力系统协同，实现电-氢-电灵活转换。", source: "《氢能产业发展中长期规划（2021—2035年）》" },
      { name: "碱性电解槽", en: "Alkaline electrolyzer (AEL)", def: "以氢氧化钾溶液为电解质、石棉或复合隔膜分隔的电解水制氢装置，技术成熟、成本较低，但动态响应与功率调节范围有限。", source: "《氢能产业发展中长期规划（2021—2035年）》" },
      { name: "质子交换膜电解槽", en: "PEM electrolyzer", def: "以固体质子交换膜为电解质的电解制氢装置，电流密度高、动态响应快，更适合与波动性可再生能源电源直接耦合。", source: "《氢能产业发展中长期规划（2021—2035年）》" },
      { name: "绿氨", en: "Green ammonia", def: "以绿氢与空气中分离的氮气合成的氨，作为氢的储运载体与零碳燃料，便于大规模、长距离储运。", source: "国家能源局 氢能试点相关政策" },
      { name: "绿色甲醇", en: "Green methanol", def: "以绿氢与捕集的二氧化碳合成的甲醇，用于航运燃料与化工原料脱碳，是绿色氢基燃料的重要方向。", source: "国家能源局 氢能试点相关政策" },
      { name: "单位制氢电耗", en: "Specific electricity consumption of hydrogen production", def: "制取单位体积或单位质量氢气所消耗的电能，通常为4.5~5.5 kWh/Nm³，是衡量电解槽能效水平与制氢经济性的核心指标。", source: "《氢能产业发展中长期规划（2021—2035年）》" },
      { name: "氢气纯度", en: "Hydrogen purity", def: "氢气产品中氢的体积分数，燃料电池车用氢气需满足相应纯度及总硫、一氧化碳、氨等杂质限值要求。", source: "GB/T 37244《质子交换膜燃料电池汽车用燃料 氢气》" },
      { name: "阴离子交换膜电解", en: "Anion exchange membrane electrolysis (AEM)", def: "以阴离子交换膜为隔膜的电解水制氢技术，兼具碱性电解的低成本与PEM的高动态响应特性，目前处于产业化早期。", source: "行业通用定义（氢能技术路线相关研究）" },
      { name: "固体氧化物燃料电池", en: "Solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC)", def: "以固体氧化物为电解质的高温燃料电池，发电效率高、燃料适应性广且无需贵金属催化剂，适合分布式热电联供场景。", source: "《氢能产业发展中长期规划（2021—2035年）》" },
      { name: "掺氢燃机", en: "Hydrogen-blended gas turbine", def: "在天然气中掺入一定比例氢气燃烧发电的燃气轮机，可在现有气电基础上降低发电碳排放，是电力部门规模化利用氢能的重要路径。", source: "国家能源局 氢能试点相关政策" },
      { name: "氢冶金", en: "Hydrogen metallurgy", def: "以氢气替代焦炭作为还原剂进行钢铁冶炼的工艺路线，可从源头大幅降低钢铁行业二氧化碳排放。", source: "国家能源局 氢能试点相关政策" },
      { name: "制氢站", en: "Hydrogen production station", def: "集中布置电解制氢装置、纯化、压缩储存及辅助设施，并对外提供充装或管道供氢的场所，需满足防火防爆与安全防护距离要求。", source: "《氢能产业发展中长期规划（2021—2035年）》" },
    ],
    grid_elec: [
      { name: "新能源", en: "New energy", def: "以风、光、储等为代表、清洁可再生的新一代能源形态。", source: "国家能源局新能源行业管理口径" },
      { name: "可再生能源", en: "Renewable energy", def: "自然界可不断再生、取之不尽的能源，如风、光、水、生物质。", source: "《可再生能源法》" },
      { name: "清洁能源", en: "Clean energy", def: "生产与使用过程中污染物排放低的能源，含可再生能源与核电等。", source: "国家能源发展战略相关文件" },
      { name: "集中式电站", en: "Centralized plant", def: "大规模、远距离送出、并入高压电网的发电工程。", source: "国家能源局新能源项目管理口径" },
      { name: "并网", en: "Grid connection", def: "发电系统经电气设备接入公共电网、实现电能交换的过程。", source: "GB/T 19964-2024《光伏发电站接入电力系统技术规定》" },
      { name: "离网", en: "Off-grid", def: "不与公共电网连接、独立供电的系统运行方式。", source: "GB/T 33593-2017《分布式电源并网技术要求》" },
      { name: "电能质量", en: "Power quality", def: "电压、频率、谐波、三相不平衡等供电品质的综合指标。", source: "GB/T 12325-2008《电能质量 供电电压偏差》等系列" },
      { name: "电压偏差", en: "Voltage deviation", def: "实际电压与系统标称电压之差占标称值的百分比。", source: "GB/T 12325-2008《电能质量 供电电压偏差》" },
      { name: "频率偏差", en: "Frequency deviation", def: "电力系统实际频率与额定频率（50Hz）的偏差。", source: "GB/T 15945-2008《电能质量 电力系统频率偏差》" },
      { name: "谐波", en: "Harmonics", def: "频率为基波整数倍、叠加在工频上的畸变分量，影响设备与电能质量。", source: "GB/T 14549-1993《电能质量 公用电网谐波》" },
      { name: "三相不平衡", en: "Unbalance", def: "三相电压或电流幅值不一致的程度，以负序/正序之比衡量。", source: "GB/T 15543-2008《电能质量 三相电压不平衡》" },
      { name: "功率因数", en: "Power factor", def: "有功功率与视在功率之比，反映电能利用效率与无功需求。", source: "GB/T 12325-2008 及并网技术规定" },
      { name: "公共连接点", en: "PCC", def: "用户系统（或电站）与公共电网的连接公共点，考核与计量点。", source: "GB/T 14549-1993《电能质量 公用电网谐波》" },
      { name: "升压站", en: "Step-up substation", def: "将发电汇集电压升至送出电压等级并接入电网的变电站。", source: "GB 50797-2012《光伏发电站设计标准》" },
      { name: "主变压器", en: "Main transformer", def: "升压站中将中压升至高压并网的核心设备。", source: "GB 50797-2012《光伏发电站设计标准》" },
      { name: "集电线路", en: "Collector line", def: "汇集各发电单元电能、输送至升压站的中压线路。", source: "GB 50797-2012《光伏发电站设计标准》" },
      { name: "送出工程", en: "Transmission project", def: "将电站电能从升压站送至电网接入点的线路与间隔工程。", source: "GB/T 50866-2013《光伏发电站接入电力系统设计规范》" },
      { name: "变压器", en: "Transformer", def: "利用电磁感应改变交流电压等级的静止电气设备。", source: "GB 20052-2024《电力变压器能效限定值及能效等级》" },
      { name: "输电线路", en: "Transmission line", def: "将电能从电源或变电站输送至负荷中心的架空或电缆线路。", source: "GB 50545-2010《110kV~750kV架空输电线路设计规范》" },
      { name: "变电站", en: "Substation", def: "变换电压、汇集与分配电能、含开关与保护设备的设施。", source: "GB 50059-2011《35kV~110kV变电站设计规范》" },
      { name: "配电网", en: "Distribution grid", def: "将电能分配到终端用户的中低压网络，直接面向用户。", source: "DL/T 599-2025《中压配电网改造技术导则》" },
      { name: "静止无功发生器", en: "SVG / STATCOM", def: "基于全控器件的动态无功补偿装置，可快速调节无功与电压。", source: "NB/T 10643-2021《风电场用静止无功发生器技术要求与试验方法》" },
      { name: "有源电力滤波器", en: "APF", def: "实时补偿谐波与无功、改善电能质量的电力电子装置。", source: "GB/T 14549-1993《电能质量 公用电网谐波》" },
      { name: "分布式发电", en: "Distributed generation", def: "位于用户附近、就地消纳为主的小型发电系统。", source: "国家能源局分布式发电管理办法" },
      { name: "短路容量", en: "Short-circuit capacity", def: "并网点发生短路时系统可提供的故障功率，决定接入能力。", source: "GB/T 19964-2024《光伏发电站接入电力系统技术规定》" },
      { name: "电压波动与闪变", en: "voltage fluctuation and flicker", def: "由负荷剧烈变动引起的电压快速波动与照明闪烁。", source: "GB/T 12326-2008《电能质量 电压波动和闪变》" },
      { name: "并网点", en: "point of interconnection", def: "发电侧与电网侧电气连接的节点。", source: "GB/T 19964-2024《光伏发电站接入电力系统技术规定》" },
      { name: "升压变压器", en: "step-up transformer", def: "将发电机或逆变器低压侧升至并网电压的变压器。", source: "DL/T 5218-2012《220kV~750kV变电站设计技术规程》" },
      { name: "电缆导体", en: "cable conductor", def: "承担电流输送的电缆金属芯线，材质多为铜或铝。", source: "GB 50217-2018《电力工程电缆设计标准》" },
      { name: "电缆截面", en: "cable cross-section", def: "导体标称截面积，决定载流量与压降。", source: "GB 50217-2018《电力工程电缆设计标准》" },
      { name: "电缆载流量", en: "cable ampacity", def: "在规定条件下电缆导体允许持续通过的最大电流。", source: "GB 50217-2018《电力工程电缆设计标准》" },
      { name: "接地电阻", en: "grounding resistance", def: "接地装置对地电阻，衡量防雷与安全防护水平。", source: "GB 50057-2010《建筑物防雷设计规范》" },
      { name: "过电压", en: "overvoltage", def: "系统中出现的超过额定值的电压，分雷电与操作过电压。", source: "GB 50057-2010《建筑物防雷设计规范》" },
      { name: "继电保护装置", en: "protective relay", def: "检测故障并动作切除异常设备的自动化装置。", source: "GB/T 14285-2023《继电保护和安全自动装置技术规程》" },
      { name: "断路器", en: "circuit breaker", def: "能接通、承载并开断正常与故障电流的开断设备。", source: "DL/T 5218-2012《220kV~750kV变电站设计技术规程》" },
      { name: "隔离开关", en: "disconnector", def: "用于电气隔离、无灭弧能力的开关设备。", source: "DL/T 5218-2012《220kV~750kV变电站设计技术规程》" },
      { name: "互感器", en: "instrument transformer", def: "将高电压或大电流按比例变换为量测小信号的装置。", source: "GB/T 20840.1-2010《互感器 第1部分：通用技术要求》" },
      { name: "母线", en: "busbar", def: "汇集与分配电能的导体，分软母线与硬母线。", source: "DL/T 5218-2012《220kV~750kV变电站设计技术规程》" },
      { name: "无功补偿", en: "reactive power compensation", def: "改善功率因数与电压质量的电容、电抗或SVG装置。", source: "GB 50227-2017《并联电容器装置设计规范》" },
      { name: "短路比", en: "Short circuit ratio (SCR)", def: "并网点短路容量与接入电源额定容量之比，用于衡量电网强弱；短路比越小说明电网越弱，越易出现电压波动与宽频振荡等问题。", source: "GB/T 19964-2024《光伏发电站接入电力系统技术规定》" },
      { name: "GIS气体绝缘金属封闭开关设备", en: "Gas insulated switchgear (GIS)", def: "将断路器、隔离开关、接地开关、互感器等元件封闭于充有绝缘气体的金属壳体内组成的成套开关设备，占地面积小、可靠性高，常用于110kV及以上升压站与城市变电站。", source: "GB 50797-2012《光伏发电站设计标准》及行业通用定义" },
      { name: "避雷器", en: "Surge arrester", def: "并联在被保护设备附近、用于限制雷电过电压与操作过电压的保护电器，利用非线性电阻泄放能量并切断工频续流。", source: "GB 11032《交流无间隙金属氧化物避雷器》" },
      { name: "中性点接地方式", en: "Neutral grounding method", def: "电力系统中性点与大地之间的连接方式，分为直接接地、经电阻接地、经消弧线圈接地和不接地等，直接决定单相接地故障电流大小、过电压水平与供电连续性。", source: "GB/T 50065-2011《交流电气装置的接地设计规范》" },
      { name: "站用电率", en: "Station service power rate", def: "电站生产与辅助设施自身消耗电量占其发电量的比例，是衡量场站运行经济性的重要指标，新能源场站主要来自逆变器自耗、升压站损耗与暖通照明负荷。", source: "行业通用统计口径" },
      { name: "关口计量点", en: "Metering point", def: "电网企业与发电企业之间进行上网电量结算的计量点，其计量装置配置、精度等级与校验要求由双方合同约定并接受监管。", source: "行业通用定义（电能计量装置技术管理规程）" },
      { name: "短路电流计算", en: "Short-circuit current calculation", def: "计算系统发生短路故障时流过故障点电流大小的过程，用于电气设备选型、继电保护整定以及动稳定与热稳定校验。", source: "GB/T 15544《三相交流系统短路电流计算》" },
      { name: "电缆敷设方式", en: "Cable laying method", def: "电缆的敷设形式，包括直埋、穿管、电缆沟、桥架、排管与隧道等，直接影响载流量校正系数、工程造价、施工难度与后期运维便利性。", source: "GB 50217-2018《电力工程电缆设计标准》" },
    ],
    grid_sys: [
      { name: "电力电量平衡", en: "Power/Energy balance", def: "在规划中对各时段电力供需与电量供需进行的平衡测算。", source: "国家能源局电力发展规划方法" },
      { name: "灵活性资源", en: "Flexibility resource", def: "可快速调节以维持系统平衡的电源、储能、负荷侧资源。", source: "国家发展改革委电力系统灵活性相关文件" },
      { name: "柔性直流", en: "VSC-HVDC", def: "基于电压源换流器的直流输电，适合新能源汇集与异步联网。", source: "GB/T 输电线路相关国家标准" },
      { name: "智慧运维", en: "Smart O&M", def: "依托数据与算法对电站进行预测性维护与优化的运维模式。", source: "国家能源局智能光伏/风电运维相关文件" },
      { name: "数字孪生", en: "Digital twin", def: "在虚拟空间构建与物理电站实时映射的数字模型。", source: "国家能源局能源数字化相关文件" },
      { name: "智能巡检", en: "Intelligent inspection", def: "依托图像识别与传感自动识别设备缺陷的巡检方式。", source: "国家能源局智能运维相关文件" },
      { name: "无人机巡检", en: "UAV inspection", def: "用无人机搭载红外/可见光对组件、线路进行高效巡检。", source: "国家能源局智能运维相关文件" },
      { name: "电网友好型", en: "Grid-friendly", def: "具备调频、调压、低穿等能力、对电网扰动友好的电源特征。", source: "GB/T 19963.1-2021《风电场接入电力系统技术规定 第1部分：陆上风电》" },
      { name: "电力系统", en: "Power system", def: "由发电、输电、变电、配电与用电组成的电能生产消费整体。", source: "GB 38755-2019《电力系统安全稳定导则》" },
      { name: "负荷率", en: "Load factor", def: "平均负荷与最大负荷之比，反映负荷的均衡程度。", source: "电力系统规划通用方法" },
      { name: "同时率", en: "Coincidence factor", def: "综合最大负荷与各用户最大负荷之和的比值，用于负荷预测。", source: "电力系统规划通用方法" },
      { name: "智能电网", en: "Smart grid", def: "融合信息通信与自动化、具备自愈与优化能力的现代电网。", source: "IEEE 2030 系列标准《智能电网互操作指南》" },
      { name: "电网调度", en: "Dispatch", def: "对发、输、变、配设备进行统一指挥与运行控制的职能。", source: "GB/T 31464-2022《电网运行准则》" },
      { name: "自动发电控制", en: "AGC", def: "按频率与联络线偏差自动调节机组出力以维持系统功率平衡。", source: "GB/T 31464-2022《电网运行准则》" },
      { name: "自动电压控制", en: "AVC", def: "自动调节无功与电压以维持并网点电压在合格范围的系统。", source: "GB/T 31464-2022《电网运行准则》" },
      { name: "一次调频", en: "Primary frequency", def: "机组随系统频率变化自动、无差调节的快速频率响应。", source: "GB/T 31464-2022《电网运行准则》" },
      { name: "电力系统稳定", en: "Stability", def: "扰动后系统恢复至稳态、保持同步运行的能力总称。", source: "GB 38755-2019《电力系统安全稳定导则》" },
      { name: "功角稳定", en: "Rotor angle stability", def: "同步电机间相对功角在扰动后保持同步的能力。", source: "GB 38755-2019《电力系统安全稳定导则》" },
      { name: "电压稳定", en: "Voltage stability", def: "系统维持节点电压在可接受范围的能力。", source: "GB 38755-2019《电力系统安全稳定导则》" },
      { name: "频率稳定", en: "Frequency stability", def: "系统有功平衡被破坏后维持频率在允许范围的能力。", source: "GB 38755-2019《电力系统安全稳定导则》" },
      { name: "继电保护", en: "Protection", def: "在故障或异常时快速隔离故障、保障系统安全的自动装置。", source: "GB/T 14285-2023《继电保护和安全自动装置技术规程》" },
      { name: "自动重合闸", en: "Auto-reclosing", def: "线路故障跳闸后按设定延时自动重合、恢复供电的自动化功能。", source: "GB/T 14285-2023《继电保护和安全自动装置技术规程》" },
      { name: "高压直流输电", en: "HVDC", def: "将交流电整流为直流、长距离输送后再逆变的输电方式。", source: "GB/T 13498-2017《高压直流输电术语》" },
      { name: "特高压", en: "UHV", def: "交流1000kV、直流±800kV及以上电压等级的输电技术。", source: "GB 50665-2011《1000kV架空输电线路设计规范》" },
      { name: "智能电表", en: "Smart meter", def: "具备双向通信与分时计量能力的用电信息采集终端。", source: "GB/T 17215.301-2024《电测量设备(交流) 特殊要求 第1部分:多功能电能表》" },
      { name: "配电自动化", en: "Distribution automation", def: "对配电网进行监视、控制与故障自愈的自动化系统。", source: "DL/T 599-2025《中压配电网改造技术导则》" },
      { name: "装机容量", en: "Installed capacity", def: "所有发电单元额定功率之和，表征电站规模。", source: "国家能源局电力统计口径" },
      { name: "等效利用小时", en: "Equivalent hours", def: "发电量除以装机容量得到的等效满发小时数。", source: "国家能源局电力统计口径" },
      { name: "调峰能力", en: "Peaking capability", def: "电源或系统跟随负荷峰谷调节出力的能力。", source: "国家能源局电力系统运行管理规定" },
      { name: "电力负荷", en: "Load", def: "电力系统中用电设备所需功率或电量的总称，含最大负荷与峰谷特性。", source: "GB 38755-2019《电力系统安全稳定导则》" },
      { name: "峰谷差", en: "Peak-valley difference", def: "日（或年）最大负荷与最小负荷之差，反映负荷波动幅度。", source: "电力系统规划通用方法" },
      { name: "备用容量", en: "Reserve", def: "为应对负荷波动与机组停运而预留的可调用发电容量。", source: "GB 38755-2019《电力系统安全稳定导则》" },
      { name: "电力系统频率", en: "power system frequency", def: "系统同步运行的标称频率(50Hz)，反映有功平衡。", source: "GB/T 15945-2008《电能质量 电力系统频率偏差》" },
      { name: "同步发电机", en: "synchronous generator", def: "转速与电网频率严格同步的发电机，提供旋转惯量。", source: "GB 38755-2019《电力系统安全稳定导则》" },
      { name: "旋转惯量", en: "rotational inertia", def: "同步机组转子储存的动能，提供频率阻尼。", source: "GB 38755-2019《电力系统安全稳定导则》" },
      { name: "二次调频", en: "secondary frequency regulation", def: "由调度中心下达、AGC执行的频率二次调节。", source: "GB/T 31464-2022《电网运行准则》" },
      { name: "三次调频", en: "tertiary control", def: "以经济最优为目标的开机组合与出力计划调整。", source: "GB/T 31464-2022《电网运行准则》" },
      { name: "黑启动", en: "black start", def: "系统全停后由具备自启动能力电源恢复供电的过程。", source: "GB 38755-2019《电力系统安全稳定导则》" },
      { name: "电网短路容量", en: "short-circuit capacity", def: "节点处三相短路视在功率，反映系统强弱。", source: "GB/T 19964-2024《光伏发电站接入电力系统技术规定》" },
      { name: "电压暂降", en: "voltage sag", def: "电气距离故障点附近电压短时跌落的现象。", source: "GB/T 30137-2024《电能质量 电压暂升、电压暂降与短时中断》" },
      { name: "电力电子化电力系统", en: "power-electronics-dominated power system", def: "高比例新能源与电力电子接口主导的系统形态。", source: "《新型电力系统发展蓝皮书》(2023)" },
      { name: "新型电力系统", en: "new power system", def: "以新能源为主体、源网荷储协同的新型电力系统。", source: "《新型电力系统发展蓝皮书》(2023)" },
      { name: "电力调度机构", en: "dispatching authority", def: "负责电力系统运行组织与控制的机构。", source: "GB/T 31464-2022《电网运行准则》" },
      { name: "有源配电网", en: "Active distribution network", def: "大量接入分布式电源、潮流可双向流动、具备主动调节与控制能力的配电网，是承载高比例分布式新能源的关键形态。", source: "行业通用定义（国家能源局配电网高质量发展相关文件）" },
      { name: "功率预测准确率", en: "Power forecasting accuracy", def: "新能源功率预测值与实际出力之间的符合程度，通常以日、月准确率与合格率考核，直接影响场站的偏差考核费用与并网评价。", source: "国家能源局 新能源功率预测与考核相关要求" },
      { name: "有序用电", en: "Orderly power consumption", def: "在电力供应不足或紧急情况下，通过行政与市场手段组织用户错峰、避峰与限电，优先保障居民与重点用户用电的负荷管理措施。", source: "《电力负荷管理办法》（2023年版）" },
      { name: "电力保供", en: "Power supply guarantee", def: "保障电力安全可靠供应的工作总称，涵盖电源建设、燃料保障、电网运行、需求侧管理与应急预案等各环节。", source: "行业通用定义（国家能源局电力保供相关工作部署）" },
      { name: "系统备用率", en: "Reserve margin", def: "系统备用容量与最大负荷的比值，反映电力系统应对负荷波动与机组故障的能力，是电力规划充裕度的重要指标。", source: "GB 38755-2019《电力系统安全稳定导则》" },
      { name: "电力监控系统安全防护", en: "Cybersecurity of power monitoring systems", def: "对电力监控系统采取安全分区、网络专用、横向隔离、纵向认证等防护措施，保障电网控制与监测系统免受网络攻击。", source: "行业通用定义（电力监控系统安全防护总体方案及相关要求）" },
    ],
    eval: [
      { name: "平准化度电成本", en: "LCOE", def: "项目全生命周期成本现值与发电量现值之比，即单位千瓦时发电成本。", source: "《建设项目经济评价方法与参数》（第三版）" },
      { name: "平准化储能成本", en: "LCOS", def: "储能全生命周期成本现值与可释放电量现值之比，即单位放电成本。", source: "《建设项目经济评价方法与参数》（第三版）" },
      { name: "内部收益率", en: "IRR", def: "使项目净现值等于零时的折现率，反映投资盈利能力。", source: "《建设项目经济评价方法与参数》（第三版）" },
      { name: "净现值", en: "NPV", def: "项目各年净现金流量按基准折现率折算到建设期初的现值之和。", source: "《建设项目经济评价方法与参数》（第三版）" },
      { name: "财务净现值", en: "FNPV", def: "按财务基准收益率折算的项目净现金流量现值，盈利判据之一。", source: "《建设项目经济评价方法与参数》（第三版）" },
      { name: "财务内部收益率", en: "FIRR", def: "项目财务口径下使FNPV为零的折现率。", source: "《建设项目经济评价方法与参数》（第三版）" },
      { name: "资本金内部收益率", en: "Equity IRR", def: "仅就项目资本金现金流计算的IRR，反映股东权益回报。", source: "《建设项目经济评价方法与参数》（第三版）" },
      { name: "投资回收期", en: "Payback period", def: "以项目净收益收回全部投资（含静态/动态）所需的时间。", source: "《建设项目经济评价方法与参数》（第三版）" },
      { name: "总投资收益率", en: "ROI", def: "项目达到设计能力后正常年份息税前利润与总投资之比。", source: "《建设项目经济评价方法与参数》（第三版）" },
      { name: "项目资本金净利润率", en: "ROE", def: "正常年份净利润与项目资本金之比，反映权益盈利水平。", source: "《建设项目经济评价方法与参数》（第三版）" },
      { name: "资产负债率", en: "Debt ratio", def: "负债总额与资产总额之比，反映长期偿债风险。", source: "《建设项目经济评价方法与参数》（第三版）" },
      { name: "利息备付率", en: "ICR", def: "息税前利润与当期应付利息之比，反映付息能力。", source: "《建设项目经济评价方法与参数》（第三版）" },
      { name: "偿债备付率", en: "DSCR", def: "可用于还本付息资金与当期应还本息之比，反映偿债能力。", source: "《建设项目经济评价方法与参数》（第三版）" },
      { name: "总投资", en: "Total investment", def: "建设投资、建设期利息与流动资金之和。", source: "《建设项目经济评价方法与参数》（第三版）" },
      { name: "静态投资/动态投资", en: "Static/Dynamic investment", def: "静态不含资金时间价值与利息；动态含建设期利息等。", source: "《建设项目经济评价方法与参数》（第三版）" },
      { name: "建设投资", en: "Construction investment", def: "项目从筹建到投产所发生的全部固定资产投资与无形资产等。", source: "《建设项目经济评价方法与参数》（第三版）" },
      { name: "固定资产投资", en: "Fixed asset investment", def: "形成固定资产的工程费用、其他费用与预备费之和。", source: "《建设项目经济评价方法与参数》（第三版）" },
      { name: "流动资金", en: "Working capital", def: "项目投产后维持运营所需周转资金，含铺底流动资金。", source: "《建设项目经济评价方法与参数》（第三版）" },
      { name: "工程造价", en: "Project cost", def: "工程项目从筹建到竣工所发生的全部费用，含设备、建安、其他。", source: "《建设项目经济评价方法与参数》（第三版）" },
      { name: "单位千瓦投资", en: "Cost per kW", def: "项目总投资与装机容量之比，新能源常用元/W或元/kW表示。", source: "《建设项目经济评价方法与参数》（第三版）" },
      { name: "上网电价", en: "Feed-in tariff", def: "发电企业向电网销售电能的电价，是收益测算的核心变量。", source: "国家发展改革委新能源上网电价政策" },
      { name: "标杆电价", en: "Benchmark tariff", def: "按资源区核定的固定上网电价机制，现逐步转向平价与市场化。", source: "国家发展改革委新能源上网电价政策" },
      { name: "燃煤基准价", en: "Coal benchmark price", def: "作为新能源市场化交易参考的各省燃煤发电基准上网电价。", source: "国家发展改革委新能源上网电价政策" },
      { name: "平价上网", en: "Grid parity", def: "新能源上网电价与当地燃煤基准价相当、无需补贴即可盈利的状态。", source: "国家发展改革委新能源上网电价政策" },
      { name: "绿色电力证书", en: "GEC", def: "可再生能源电量环境权益的凭证，1个绿证对应1000kWh绿电。", source: "国家能源局绿色电力证书交易政策" },
      { name: "绿电交易", en: "Green power trading", def: "电力用户直接向可再生能源发电企业购买绿电的市场化交易。", source: "国家发展改革委、国家能源局绿电交易试点方案" },
      { name: "国家核证自愿减排量", en: "CCER", def: "经核证的温室气体自愿减排量，可在碳市场抵销履约。", source: "生态环境部温室气体自愿减排交易管理办法" },
      { name: "碳交易", en: "Carbon trading", def: "以碳排放权为标的、在碳市场进行配额与减排量交易的市场机制。", source: "生态环境部全国碳排放权交易管理办法" },
      { name: "基准收益率", en: "Discount rate", def: "项目财务评价采用的行业基准折现率，作为盈利判据。", source: "《建设项目经济评价方法与参数》（第三版）" },
      { name: "折现率", en: "Discount rate", def: "将未来现金流折算为现值的利率，体现资金时间价值。", source: "《建设项目经济评价方法与参数》（第三版）" },
      { name: "全生命周期成本", en: "LCC", def: "项目从建设、运营到退役全过程的成本现值总和。", source: "《建设项目经济评价方法与参数》（第三版）" },
      { name: "运维成本", en: "O&M cost", def: "项目运营期检修、备件、人工、保险等经常性支出。", source: "《建设项目经济评价方法与参数》（第三版）" },
      { name: "折旧", en: "Depreciation", def: "固定资产价值按年限与残值分摊计入成本的方式。", source: "《建设项目经济评价方法与参数》（第三版）" },
      { name: "敏感性分析", en: "Sensitivity analysis", def: "分析关键变量（电价、造价、发电量）变动对评价指标的影响。", source: "《建设项目经济评价方法与参数》（第三版）" },
      { name: "盈亏平衡分析", en: "Break-even analysis", def: "求取项目不盈不亏时产量或能力利用率的分析方法。", source: "《建设项目经济评价方法与参数》（第三版）" },
      { name: "不确定性分析", en: "Uncertainty analysis", def: "对评价中变量不确定性进行评价可靠性判断的分析集合。", source: "《建设项目经济评价方法与参数》（第三版）" },
      { name: "财务评价/经济评价", en: "Financial/Economic evaluation", def: "从企业/国家角度对项目盈利能力与费用效益进行的评价。", source: "《建设项目经济评价方法与参数》（第三版）" },
      { name: "国民经济评价", en: "National economic evaluation", def: "从全社会角度以影子价格评价项目费用与效益的评价方法。", source: "《建设项目经济评价方法与参数》（第三版）" },
      { name: "投资估算", en: "Investment estimate", def: "在前期阶段对工程总投资的概略测算，是决策依据。", source: "《建设项目经济评价方法与参数》（第三版）" },
      { name: "项目资本金", en: "Equity capital", def: "投资者认缴、非债务性、项目法人不承担利息的资本金。", source: "《建设项目经济评价方法与参数》（第三版）" },
      { name: "贷款偿还期", en: "Loan payback", def: "项目投产后用利润等还清长期借款本息所需时间。", source: "《建设项目经济评价方法与参数》（第三版）" },
      { name: "增值税即征即退", en: "VAT refund", def: "对部分新能源发电实行的增值税优惠（如即征即退50%）。", source: "财政部、税务总局新能源增值税优惠政策" },
      { name: "两（三）部制电价", en: "Two/Three-part tariff", def: "由容量（基本）、电量与需量等部分组合的电价结构。", source: "国家发展改革委输配电价与销售电价政策" },
      { name: "峰谷电价", en: "Time-of-use price", def: "按用电时段划分峰、平、谷不同电价的计价方式，驱动储能套利。", source: "国家发展改革委分时电价机制政策" },
      { name: "分时电价", en: "TOU price", def: "将一天划分为多个时段、各时段执行不同电价的机制。", source: "国家发展改革委进一步完善分时电价机制通知" },
      { name: "容量电价", en: "Capacity price", def: "按机组可用容量支付的电价成分，体现系统支撑价值。", source: "国家发展改革委容量电价机制政策" },
      { name: "输配电价", en: "Transmission & distribution price", def: "电网企业提供输配电服务的价格，由政府核定。", source: "国家发展改革委输配电价核定政策" },
      { name: "上网电量", en: "Grid electricity", def: "发电厂送入公共电网并结算的电量，是收入计算基数。", source: "《建设项目经济评价方法与参数》（第三版）" },
      { name: "自发自用", en: "Self-consumption", def: "分布式电源所发电量由用户就地消纳、节省购电支出。", source: "国家能源局分布式发电管理办法" },
      { name: "余电上网", en: "Surplus to grid", def: "自发自用后的剩余电量送入电网并获得结算收益。", source: "国家能源局分布式发电管理办法" },
      { name: "绿电溢价", en: "Green premium", def: "用户为购买绿电环境属性而额外支付的溢价部分。", source: "国家能源局绿色电力交易政策" },
      { name: "电力现货市场", en: "Spot market", def: "按日/实时出清、反映短时供需与边际成本的电能交易市场。", source: "国家发展改革委、国家能源局电力现货市场建设通知" },
      { name: "中长期交易", en: "Medium/long-term trading", def: "以年/季/月为周期锁定电量与电价的电力交易，对冲风险。", source: "国家发展改革委电力中长期交易基本规则" },
      { name: "辅助服务市场", en: "Ancillary service market", def: "为维持电力系统的频率、电压与备用而交易调节资源的市。", source: "国家能源局电力辅助服务管理办法" },
      { name: "容量补偿", en: "Capacity payment", def: "对提供可靠容量的电源/储能按容量给予补偿的机制。", source: "国家发展改革委容量补偿机制政策" },
      { name: "机制电价", en: "Mechanism price", def: "新能源项目通过竞争或机制确定的、保障合理收益的上网电价。", source: "国家发展改革委新能源上网电价市场化改革政策" },
      { name: "收益测算", en: "Revenue estimation", def: "综合发电量、电价、补贴与成本对项期现金流的估算。", source: "《建设项目经济评价方法与参数》（第三版）" },
      { name: "补贴", en: "Subsidy", def: "对新能源发电的度电或建设侧财政支持，逐步退坡转向市场化。", source: "财政部可再生能源电价附加补助政策" },
      { name: "土地成本", en: "Land cost", def: "项目用地租金或出让费用，是造价与运营的重要组成。", source: "《建设项目经济评价方法与参数》（第三版）" },
      { name: "保险费用", en: "Insurance", def: "工程与运营期的财产、责任等保险支出。", source: "《建设项目经济评价方法与参数》（第三版）" },
      { name: "全投资IRR", en: "All-invested IRR", def: "不分资金来源、对项目全部投资现金流计算的IRR。", source: "《建设项目经济评价方法与参数》（第三版）" },
      { name: "流动比率", en: "Current ratio", def: "流动资产与流动负债之比，反映短期偿债能力。", source: "《建设项目经济评价方法与参数》（第三版）" },
      { name: "速动比率", en: "Quick ratio", def: "速动资产与流动负债之比，剔除存货后的短期偿债能力指标。", source: "《建设项目经济评价方法与参数》（第三版）" },
      { name: "项目盈利能力分析", en: "Profitability analysis", def: "通过IRR、NPV、投资回收期等判别项目盈利水平的评价。", source: "《建设项目经济评价方法与参数》（第三版）" },
      { name: "项目偿债能力分析", en: "Solvency analysis", def: "通过DSCR、ICR、资产负债率等判别项目偿还债务能力的评价。", source: "《建设项目经济评价方法与参数》（第三版）" },
      { name: "项目生存能力分析", en: "Survivability analysis", def: "考察项目各年是否有足够净现金流量维持正常运营的分析。", source: "《建设项目经济评价方法与参数》（第三版）" },
      { name: "概率分析", en: "Probabilistic analysis", def: "以概率分布描述不确定变量、求取指标概率特征的风险分析。", source: "《建设项目经济评价方法与参数》（第三版）" },
      { name: "蒙特卡洛模拟", en: "Monte Carlo", def: "通过对变量随机抽样反复计算、得到指标分布的风险量化方法。", source: "行业通用财务评价方法" },
      { name: "项目投资现金流量表", en: "Total investment CF", def: "反映项目全部投资口径下各年现金流入流出的基础报表。", source: "《建设项目经济评价方法与参数》（第三版）" },
      { name: "项目资本金现金流量表", en: "Equity CF", def: "反映项目资本金口径下股东各年净现金流量的报表。", source: "《建设项目经济评价方法与参数》（第三版）" },
      { name: "利润与利润分配表", en: "Income statement", def: "反映项目计算期各年营业收入、成本与利润的报表。", source: "《建设项目经济评价方法与参数》（第三版）" },
      { name: "资产负债表", en: "Balance sheet", def: "反映项目各年末资产、负债与所有者权益状况的报表。", source: "《建设项目经济评价方法与参数》（第三版）" },
      { name: "借款还本付息计划表", en: "Loan amortization", def: "反映项目各年还本付息资金来源与计划的报表。", source: "《建设项目经济评价方法与参数》（第三版）" },
      { name: "营业收入估算", en: "Revenue estimate", def: "按上网电量与电价测算项目各年销售收入的估算。", source: "《建设项目经济评价方法与参数》（第三版）" },
      { name: "营业税金及附加", en: "Taxes & surcharges", def: "含增值税、城建税、教育费附加等与销售相关的税金及附加。", source: "《建设项目经济评价方法与参数》（第三版）" },
      { name: "所得税", en: "Income tax", def: "对项目利润计征的企业所得税，影响税后现金流。", source: "《建设项目经济评价方法与参数》（第三版）" },
      { name: "经营成本", en: "Operating cost", def: "总成本扣除折旧、摊销与利息后的现金性运营成本。", source: "《建设项目经济评价方法与参数》（第三版）" },
      { name: "摊销", en: "Amortization", def: "无形资产与递延资产价值按期限分摊计入成本的方式。", source: "《建设项目经济评价方法与参数》（第三版）" },
      { name: "建设期利息", en: "Interest during construction", def: "建设期内债务资金应计并资本化计入总投资的利息。", source: "《建设项目经济评价方法与参数》（第三版）" },
      { name: "项目融资", en: "Project finance", def: "以项目自身现金流与资产为还款来源的有限追索融资方式。", source: "《建设项目经济评价方法与参数》（第三版）" },
      { name: "项目资本金比例", en: "Equity ratio", def: "项目资本金占总投资的最低比例要求，按国务院规定执行。", source: "国务院固定资产投资项目资本金制度" },
      { name: "经济内部收益率", en: "EIRR", def: "以影子价格计算的国民经济口径内部收益率，判断宏观可行性。", source: "《建设项目经济评价方法与参数》（第三版）" },
      { name: "经济净现值", en: "ENPV", def: "国民经济口径下用社会折现率折算的费用效益净现值。", source: "《建设项目经济评价方法与参数》（第三版）" },
      { name: "影子价格", en: "Shadow price", def: "反映资源真实稀缺程度、用于国民经济评价的计算价格。", source: "《建设项目经济评价方法与参数》（第三版）" },
      { name: "社会折现率", en: "Social discount rate", def: "国民经济评价中体现社会资金时间价值的折现率。", source: "《建设项目经济评价方法与参数》（第三版）" },
      { name: "费用效果分析", en: "Cost-effectiveness", def: "在难以货币化效益时，以单位效果费用进行比较的分析方法。", source: "《建设项目经济评价方法与参数》（第三版）" },
      { name: "项目后评价", en: "Post-evaluation", def: "项目建成运营后对照目标进行的总结与效益再评价。", source: "《建设项目经济评价方法与参数》（第三版）" },
      { name: "工程概算", en: "Budget estimate", def: "在初步设计阶段编制、确定工程总造价的概略文件。", source: "《建设项目经济评价方法与参数》及工程计价规范" },
      { name: "竣工决算", en: "Final accounts", def: "项目完工后编制、反映实际投资完成额的财务决算文件。", source: "《建设项目经济评价方法与参数》及工程计价规范" },
      { name: "净现值率", en: "NPVR", def: "净现值与投资现值之比，用于多方案单位投资效益比较。", source: "《建设项目经济评价方法与参数》（第三版）" },
      { name: "投资利税率", en: "Profit & tax ratio", def: "项目正常年份利税总额与总投资之比，反映综合贡献。", source: "《建设项目经济评价方法与参数》（第三版）" },
      { name: "电价补贴", en: "feed-in tariff (FIT)", def: "对可再生能源发电按固定或溢价电价收购的政策。", source: "《中华人民共和国可再生能源法》" },
      { name: "竞价上网", en: "competitive bidding", def: "新能源项目通过竞争确定上网电价与开发权的机制。", source: "《关于完善风电上网电价政策的通知》(发改价格〔2019〕882号)" },
      { name: "绿色电力证书交易", en: "green certificate trading", def: "通过绿证交易体现可再生能源环境价值的机制。", source: "《绿色电力交易试点工作方案》(发改体改〔2021〕1260号)" },
      { name: "项目可行性研究", en: "feasibility study", def: "对项目建设必要性、技术与经济可行性的系统论证。", source: "《建设项目经济评价方法与参数（第三版）》" },
      { name: "工程经济评价", en: "engineering economic evaluation", def: "按统一方法与参数对工程项目进行的财务与国民经济评价。", source: "《建设项目经济评价方法与参数（第三版）》" },
      { name: "总成本费用", en: "total cost", def: "项目运营期各项费用之和，含经营成本、折旧、财务费用。", source: "《建设项目经济评价方法与参数（第三版）》" },
      { name: "经济费用效益分析", en: "economic cost-benefit analysis", def: "从全社会角度对项目费用与效益的货币化分析。", source: "《建设项目经济评价方法与参数（第三版）》" },
      { name: "单位造价", en: "Unit cost", def: "单位容量或单位规模的造价指标，光伏常用元/W、储能常用元/Wh、风电常用元/kW，是方案比选与投资估算的通用口径。", source: "行业通用统计口径" },
      { name: "度电成本构成", en: "Cost breakdown of levelized cost", def: "度电成本中折旧摊销、运维费用、财务费用、税费与保险等各组成部分的比例关系，用于识别降本空间与优化投资结构。", source: "行业通用定义（《建设项目经济评价方法与参数》）" },
    ],
    mkt_elec: [
      { name: "虚拟电厂", en: "VPP", def: "聚合分布式电源、储能与可调负荷、作为整体参与市场的系统。", source: "国家能源局虚拟电厂建设相关文件" },
      { name: "需求响应", en: "Demand response", def: "用户根据价格或激励信号调整用电行为、参与系统平衡。", source: "国家发展改革委需求响应相关政策" },
      { name: "电力市场", en: "Electricity market", def: "电能与辅助服务进行交易的市场体系，含中长期、现货与辅助服务。", source: "国家发展改革委电力市场建设相关政策" },
      { name: "隔墙售电", en: "Direct power sale", def: "分布式发电通过配电网直接向邻近用户售电的模式。", source: "国家能源局分布式发电市场化交易试点" },
      { name: "电力现货价格", en: "Spot price", def: "现货市场出清形成的分时节点或统一电价。", source: "国家发展改革委电力现货市场建设通知" },
      { name: "可中断负荷", en: "Interruptible load", def: "按合约可在系统紧张时中断的柔性负荷，参与需求响应。", source: "国家发展改革委需求响应相关政策" },
      { name: "电力现货市场", en: "Spot market", def: "按日或实时出清、反映短时供需与边际成本的电能交易。", source: "国家发展改革委电力现货市场建设通知" },
      { name: "容量市场", en: "Capacity market", def: "对可靠容量进行竞价与补偿、保障长期供给充足的机制。", source: "国家发展改革委容量电价机制政策" },
      { name: "代理购电", en: "Agency purchase", def: "电网企业为暂未直接参与市场的用户代理购电的模式。", source: "国家发展改革委代理购电政策" },
      { name: "售电公司", en: "Retailer", def: "在电力市场向用户售电、提供增值服务的市场主体。", source: "国家能源局售电公司管理办法" },
      { name: "负荷聚合商", en: "Load aggregator", def: "聚合分散可调负荷参与需求响应与市场的运营主体。", source: "国家发展改革委需求响应相关政策" },
      { name: "电力市场化改革", en: "Market reform", def: "推动发、输、配、售与电价市场化、构建竞争市场体系的改革。", source: "中共中央 国务院进一步深化电力体制改革意见" },
      { name: "电力中长期交易", en: "medium- and long-term trading", def: "以年、月、周为周期的电量与电力交易。", source: "《电力中长期交易基本规则》(发改能源规〔2020〕889号)" },
      { name: "电力现货交易", en: "spot trading", def: "日前、日内与实时市场的电能交易。", source: "《电力现货市场基本规则（试行）》(发改能源规〔2023〕1217号)" },
      { name: "电力辅助服务", en: "ancillary services", def: "为保障系统安全与质量提供的调频、调峰、备用等服务。", source: "《电力辅助服务管理办法》(国能发监管规〔2021〕61号)" },
      { name: "调频辅助服务", en: "frequency regulation service", def: "通过快速调节有功提供频率支撑的服务。", source: "《电力辅助服务管理办法》(国能发监管规〔2021〕61号)" },
      { name: "调峰辅助服务", en: "peak shaving service", def: "通过增减出力平抑峰谷差的辅助服务。", source: "《电力辅助服务管理办法》(国能发监管规〔2021〕61号)" },
      { name: "备用辅助服务", en: "reserve service", def: "为应对负荷与电源随机波动预留的发电容量。", source: "《电力辅助服务管理办法》(国能发监管规〔2021〕61号)" },
      { name: "电力容量市场", en: "capacity market", def: "为容量充裕性付费、激励可靠装机建设的市场。", source: "《关于加快建设全国统一电力市场体系的指导意见》(发改能源〔2022〕118号)" },
      { name: "绿色电力交易", en: "green power trading", def: "交易附带绿证、体现环境价值的电能量。", source: "《绿色电力交易试点工作方案》(发改体改〔2021〕1260号)" },
      { name: "电力市场交易主体", en: "market participant", def: "发电企业、售电公司、电力用户等参与市场的主体。", source: "《关于进一步深化电力体制改革的若干意见》(中发〔2015〕9号)" },
      { name: "电力市场出清", en: "market clearing", def: "依据供需与报价确定的成交电量与价格。", source: "《电力现货市场基本规则（试行）》(发改能源规〔2023〕1217号)" },
      { name: "节点边际电价", en: "locational marginal price (LMP)", def: "某节点增加单位负荷引起的系统边际成本，反映位置信号。", source: "《电力现货市场基本规则（试行）》(发改能源规〔2023〕1217号)" },
      { name: "售电侧改革", en: "retail side reform", def: "放开售电侧、引入多元售电主体的改革。", source: "《关于进一步深化电力体制改革的若干意见》(中发〔2015〕9号)" },
      { name: "输配电价改革", en: "T&D tariff reform", def: "对输配电价单独核定、准许成本加合理收益的价改。", source: "《关于进一步深化电力体制改革的若干意见》(中发〔2015〕9号)" },
      { name: "电力市场监测", en: "market monitoring", def: "对市场价格、力与行为的监管与异常识别。", source: "《电力现货市场基本规则（试行）》(发改能源规〔2023〕1217号)" },
      { name: "日前市场", en: "Day-ahead market", def: "在实际运行日的前一天，依据负荷预测与机组申报确定机组组合与分时出清价格的市场。", source: "《电力现货市场基本规则（试行）》（发改能源规〔2023〕1217号）" },
      { name: "偏差考核", en: "Deviation assessment", def: "对市场主体实际发用电量与合同约定电量之间的偏差进行考核与结算的机制，倒逼提升预测精度。", source: "电力中长期交易相关规则" },
      { name: "省间电力交易", en: "Inter-provincial electricity trading", def: "跨越省（区、市）行政边界开展的电能交易，促进能源资源在更大范围内优化配置与余缺互济。", source: "《省间电力现货交易规则》（2026年修订）" },
      { name: "电力交易机构", en: "Power exchange", def: "为电力市场交易提供平台与服务的机构，负责市场成员注册、交易组织、合同签订与执行、信息披露及出具结算依据。", source: "《电力现货市场基本规则（试行）》（发改能源规〔2023〕1217号）" },
      { name: "电力市场注册", en: "Market registration", def: "发电企业、售电公司、电力用户等主体按规定在电力交易机构完成注册与准入、取得参与市场交易资格的过程。", source: "《电力中长期交易基本规则》（发改能源规〔2020〕889号）" },
      { name: "不平衡资金", en: "Imbalance fund", def: "电力市场中因发用电偏差、输电阻塞、辅助服务与计划执行差异等产生的结算差额资金，需按既定规则在市场主体间分摊或返还。", source: "电力现货市场结算相关规则" },
      { name: "市场价格上下限", en: "Price cap and floor", def: "现货市场对出清价格设定的上限与下限，用于抑制极端价格、防范市场力滥用并维护市场稳定运行。", source: "《电力现货市场基本规则（试行）》（发改能源规〔2023〕1217号）" },
      { name: "辅助服务费用分摊", en: "Ancillary service cost allocation", def: "辅助服务补偿费用在发电企业、电力用户等市场主体之间按既定规则进行分摊的机制，体现谁受益谁承担原则。", source: "《电力辅助服务管理办法》（国能发监管规〔2021〕61号）" },
      { name: "电力批发市场与零售市场", en: "Wholesale and retail electricity market", def: "批发市场指发电企业与售电公司、电力大用户之间开展的电量交易，零售市场指售电公司与终端电力用户之间开展的购售电交易。", source: "《电力现货市场基本规则（试行）》（发改能源规〔2023〕1217号）" },
      { name: "现货市场结算", en: "Spot market settlement", def: "根据现货市场出清结果与实际计量电量，按日清月结等方式分时段进行电费计算与收付的过程。", source: "《电力现货市场基本规则（试行）》（发改能源规〔2023〕1217号）" },
    ],
    mkt_carbon: [
      { name: "碳达峰/碳中和", en: "Carbon peak / neutrality", def: "二氧化碳排放达到峰值后下降、最终实现净零排放的目标。", source: "国务院碳达峰碳中和“1+N”政策体系" },
      { name: "消纳", en: "Accommodation", def: "电力系统接纳并有效利用新能源发电电量的能力。", source: "国家能源局新能源消纳保障机制" },
      { name: "弃风弃光", en: "Curtailment", def: "受消纳或调峰限制未能发出的风/光电量，是消纳水平的反向指标。", source: "国家能源局新能源消纳监测预警" },
      { name: "碳捕集利用与封存", en: "CCUS", def: "捕集CO2并用于驱油或地质封存的减排技术。", source: "生态环境部CCUS相关技术政策" },
      { name: "沙戈荒大基地", en: "Desert base", def: "在沙漠、戈壁、荒漠地区建设的千万千瓦级新能源基地。", source: "国家发展改革委以沙漠戈壁荒漠为重点的大型风电光伏基地规划" },
      { name: "海上风电基地", en: "Offshore base", def: "在邻近海域集中开发的百万千瓦级海上风电集群。", source: "国家能源局海上风电相关规划" },
      { name: "绿电直连", en: "Green power direct link", def: "新能源项目通过专用线路向特定用户直供绿电、电量可计量溯源的模式。", source: "国家发展改革委绿电直连相关政策" },
      { name: "增量配电网", en: "Incremental distribution grid", def: "在试点区域内由社会资本投资建设运营的配电网。", source: "国家发展改革委增量配电业务改革试点" },
      { name: "光伏扶贫", en: "PV poverty alleviation", def: "以村级电站收益帮扶建档立卡贫困户的光伏扶贫工程。", source: "国务院扶贫办、国家能源局光伏扶贫政策" },
      { name: "整县推进", en: "County-wide rooftop PV", def: "以县为单位规模化推进屋顶分布式光伏开发的试点模式。", source: "国家能源局整县屋顶分布式光伏开发试点" },
      { name: "新能源利用率", en: "Renewable utilization rate", def: "新能源实际消纳电量与理论可发电量之比，是消纳考核指标。", source: "国家能源局新能源消纳保障机制" },
      { name: "能源管理体系", en: "EnMS", def: "组织建立的能源方针、目标与过程管理体系，用于持续节能。", source: "GB/T 23331-2020《能源管理体系 要求及使用指南》" },
      { name: "碳排放核算", en: "Emission accounting", def: "按核算指南量化组织或设施温室气体排放的过程。", source: "GB/T 32150-2025《工业企业温室气体排放核算和报告通则》" },
      { name: "产品碳足迹", en: "Carbon footprint", def: "产品全生命周期内温室气体排放总量，按ISO 14067量化。", source: "GB/T 24067-2024《温室气体 产品碳足迹 量化要求和指南》" },
      { name: "碳核查", en: "Carbon verification", def: "第三方对排放单位报送的排放数据进行的独立核实。", source: "GB/T 32150-2025《工业企业温室气体排放核算和报告通则》" },
      { name: "碳配额", en: "Carbon allowance", def: "主管部门核定并发放的温室气体排放权额度，可交易。", source: "生态环境部碳排放权交易管理暂行条例" },
      { name: "绿色债券", en: "Green bond", def: "募集资金专项用于绿色项目的债务融资工具。", source: "人民银行绿色债券支持项目目录" },
      { name: "绿色信贷", en: "Green credit", def: "银行对节能环保项目给予优先支持的信贷政策。", source: "银保监会绿色信贷指引" },
      { name: "节能评估", en: "Energy assessment", def: "对固定资产投资项目用能合理性进行的审查与评价。", source: "国家发展改革委固定资产投资项目节能审查办法" },
      { name: "能耗双控", en: "Dual control", def: "对能源消费总量与强度实行的约束性控制制度。", source: "国务院能耗双控相关政策" },
      { name: "碳排放双控", en: "Carbon dual control", def: "逐步转向以碳排放总量与强度为目标的双控机制。", source: "国务院碳排放双控相关政策" },
      { name: "可再生能源电力消纳责任权重", en: "RPS", def: "各省级行政区域须消纳可再生能源电量的约束性比例。", source: "国家发展改革委、国家能源局消纳保障机制" },
      { name: "全额保障性收购", en: "Full purchase", def: "电网企业按规对可再生能源发电项目上网电量全额收购的义务。", source: "《中华人民共和国可再生能源法》" },
      { name: "碳排放权", en: "carbon emission right", def: "依法取得的、可交易温室气体排放配额。", source: "《碳排放权交易管理办法（试行）》(生态环境部令第19号,2020)" },
      { name: "碳排放配额", en: "carbon allowance", def: "政府核发的年度温室气体排放许可量。", source: "《碳排放权交易管理办法（试行）》(生态环境部令第19号,2020)" },
      { name: "碳市场", en: "carbon market", def: "以碳排放权为标的的交易市场，含配额与CCER。", source: "《碳排放权交易管理暂行条例》(国务院令,2024)" },
      { name: "温室气体清单", en: "GHG inventory", def: "一定区域内各类温室气体排放源的汇总。", source: "GB/T 32150-2025《工业企业温室气体排放核算和报告通则》" },
      { name: "碳足迹核算", en: "carbon footprint accounting", def: "产品全生命周期温室气体排放的量化。", source: "ISO 14067:2018《温室气体 产品碳足迹》" },
      { name: "碳边境调节机制", en: "CBAM", def: "对进口高碳产品征收碳差的机制（欧盟）。", source: "欧盟碳边境调节机制(CBAM)法规(2023)" },
      { name: "碳普惠", en: "carbon inclusiveness", def: "对个人与小散减排行为量化并激励的机制。", source: "生态环境部 碳普惠相关指导意见" },
      { name: "温室气体自愿减排", en: "voluntary emission reduction", def: "通过CCER机制对减排项目进行量化与交易。", source: "《温室气体自愿减排交易管理办法（试行）》(2023)" },
      { name: "绿色电力证书", en: "green certificate", def: "证明可再生能源发电环境属性的电子凭证。", source: "《绿色电力交易试点工作方案》(发改体改〔2021〕1260号)" },
      { name: "碳中和路径", en: "carbon neutrality pathway", def: "实现净零排放的技术与政策路径。", source: "《关于完整准确全面贯彻新发展理念做好碳达峰碳中和工作的意见》(2021)" },
      { name: "气候投融资", en: "climate finance", def: "引导资金投向应对气候变化领域的投融资活动。", source: "《关于促进应对气候变化投融资的指导意见》(环气候〔2020〕57号)" },
      { name: "可再生能源消纳责任权重", en: "Renewable portfolio standard (RPS)", def: "对省级行政区域及重点用能行业规定的可再生能源电力消纳比例要求，是压实消纳责任的约束性制度。", source: "《可再生能源电力消纳责任权重制度实施办法》（2026）" },
      { name: "非化石能源", en: "Non-fossil energy", def: "除煤炭、石油、天然气之外的能源，包括风能、太阳能、水能、生物质能、地热能、海洋能及核能等。", source: "《可再生能源法》及国家能源统计口径" },
      { name: "生命周期评价", en: "Life cycle assessment (LCA)", def: "对产品从原材料获取、生产、使用到废弃处置全过程资源消耗与环境影响进行系统量化评价的方法。", source: "GB/T 24040-2008《环境管理 生命周期评价 原则与框架》" },
      { name: "碳资产", en: "Carbon asset", def: "企业持有的碳排放配额、CCER以及其他可在碳市场交易或用于履约的权益，是双碳背景下企业的重要新型资产。", source: "《碳排放权交易管理暂行条例》（国务院令，2024）" },
      { name: "碳标签", en: "Carbon label", def: "在产品或其包装上标示其全生命周期碳排放量的标识，用于引导绿色消费、提升产品竞争力并支撑供应链碳管理。", source: "ISO 14067:2018《温室气体 产品碳足迹》" },
      { name: "ESG", en: "Environmental, social and governance", def: "从环境、社会与治理三个维度评价企业可持续发展能力与风险管理水平的框架，是绿色投融资与企业披露的重要内容。", source: "行业通用定义（绿色金融与可持续发展披露相关指引）" },
      { name: "林业碳汇", en: "Forestry carbon sink", def: "森林生态系统吸收并固定大气中二氧化碳的能力与过程，可按照方法学开发为温室气体自愿减排项目进行交易。", source: "《温室气体自愿减排交易管理办法（试行）》（2023）" },
      { name: "单位GDP碳排放强度", en: "Carbon emission intensity per unit of GDP", def: "单位地区生产总值所产生的二氧化碳排放量，是碳排放双控制度中的强度控制指标，与总量指标共同构成考核体系。", source: "《碳达峰碳中和综合评价考核办法》（2026）" },
      { name: "非二氧化碳温室气体", en: "Non-CO2 greenhouse gases", def: "甲烷、氧化亚氮、含氟气体等二氧化碳之外的温室气体，通常以二氧化碳当量折算计量，是深度减排的重点领域。", source: "《甲烷排放控制行动方案》（环气候〔2023〕67号）" },
    ]
  }
};